Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY), sigma ligand (JO 1784) and sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8s) on emotional stress (ES) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced colonic hypermotility were evaluated in rats equipped with chronically implanted electrodes on the colon and a small catheter into the lateral ventricle of the brain. A 139% (97-172%) increase in colonic spike burst frequency was observed in rats placed in a test cage in which they had previously received electric footshocks, an event assimilated to an ES. Intracerebroventricular injection of CRH (0.5 microgram/kg) mimicked the effects of ES by increasing colonic spike burst frequency by 89.0%. Given i.c.v., both JO 1784 (0.1 microgram/kg) and NPY (0.15 microgram/kg) blocked these stimulatory effects. Similarly, i.c.v. administration of CCK8s (0.1 microgram/kg) abolished both ES and CRH stimulated colonic motility, an effect reproduced by central injection of JMV 180, a cholecystokinin (CCK) derivative with high affinity for CCKA receptors, (1 microgram/kg), but not by JMV 170, a CCK derivative with low affinity for CCKA receptor at similar or higher dose. BMY 14802 (a sigma receptor antagonist) injected s.c. (1 mg/kg) abolished the antagonistic effects of JO 1784 and NPY on the ES-induced colonic hyperkinesia. Injected i.c.v., devazepide (L 364,718), a CCKA receptor antagonist, at 0.1 and 1 microgram/kg, abolished the effect of both JO 1784 and NPY; by contrast L365,260, a CCKB antagonist, required a dose of 10 micrograms/kg to block the antagonistic effect of NPY and JO 1784.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y and sigma ligand (JO 1784) suppress stress-induced colonic motor disturbances in rats through sigma and cholecystokinin receptors. 131 76

The effects of neonatal exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the adult animal brain neurochemistry and pain perception were evaluated. Newborn rat pups were culled to a litter size of 8 (males and females) and treated either with THC (2 mg/kg) or oil (control) daily, during days 1-4 after birth. After weaning, the THC-treated males were housed 4 per cage. During the juvenile period (day 50), the THC-treated animals exhibited significantly lower baseline tail-flick values (a measure of pain perception) than the control. However, as adults, the THC-treated animals exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to pain following 5 mg/kg morphine challenge. Furthermore, the THC-treated animals had significantly elevated beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin levels in almost all the brain areas sampled for the study. In addition, the neonatally THC-treated rats exhibited significantly higher levels of substance P (SP) and significantly lower levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area. The SP and GnRH levels did not differ among the THC-treated and control animals in the medial basal hypothalamus. The results of this study indicate that even a very low dose of THC administered during the neonatal period has a long-lasting effect on the brain neurochemistry. In particular, neonatal administration of THC appears to alter functioning of the endogenous opioid system.
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PMID:Effect of early exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the levels of opioid peptides, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and substance P in the adult male rat brain. 170 Sep 26

We studied the effects of psychosocial stress (S) and diazepam (D) on plasma lipids, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and corticosterone (B) levels of cockerels fed an atherogenic diet (AD) consisting of 2% cholesterol plus 5% cottonseed oil added to plain mash (PM). Seventy-six eight-week-old DeKalb cockerels were randomly assigned to the following groups: I. PM; II. PM + D; III. PM + S; ;IV. PM + S + D; V. AD; VI. AD + D; VII. AD + S and VIII. AD + S + D. S was induced by housing two birds to a cage and pairing them to a different bird daily. D was administered daily by gavage. Plasma ACTH and B levels were analyzed by RIA. Aortic atherosclerosis was grossly graded on a scale of 0-4 and also by gravimetric planimetry. After 10 weeks: 1. S birds had a significantly higher incidence and severity (p less than 0.04) of aortic atherogenesis and elevated ACTH and B levels (p less than 0.001) compared to unstressed PM groups. 2. AD significantly elevated the plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and the lipoprotein cholesterol that was precipitated by heparin-manganese (LDL-C + VLDL-C), compared to initial and/or PM levels (p less than 0.001). AD birds had a greater incidence and more severe aortic lesions in comparison to PM groups (p less than 0.002). Plasma hormone levels were significantly lower in birds fed AD alone compared to controls and stressed birds. 3. D significantly reduced the severity of aortic atheroma as well as decreased hormone levels in all treated groups (p less than 0.001). Therefore, we conclude that aortic atherosclerosis in cockerels can be induced by S and/or AD, and D can markedly reduce atherogenesis under these conditions. Since both AD and D decreased plasma ACTH and B levels, the anti-atherogenic action of D in these birds does not seem to directly involve these pituitary-adrenocortical hormones.
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PMID:Effects of diazepam, psychosocial stress and dietary cholesterol on pituitary-adrenocortical hormone levels and experimental atherosclerosis. 185 May 93

Twenty-two 50-month-old rhesus monkeys were provided concurrent free access to an aspartame-sweetened 7% ethanol solution and an aspartame-sweetened vehicle before, during, and after social separation. Subjects had been reared for their first 6 months of life either without access to adults but with constant access to age mates (peer reared), a condition producing reduced exploration and increased fear-related behaviors, or as controls with their mothers; thereafter, all subjects received identical treatment. During home-cage periods, for 1 hr each day, 4 days a week, when the ethanol solution and vehicle were freely available, peer-reared subjects consumed significantly more alcohol than mother-reared subjects. When stress was increased via social separation, mother-reared animals increased their alcohol consumption to a level nearly as high as that of peer-reared monkeys. Average individual differences in alcohol consumption were markedly stable over time. In addition, there were strong positive correlations between alcohol consumption and distress behaviors. Biological indices of increased stress, such as plasma cortisol and corticotropin, were higher in peer-reared subjects. Within the peer- and mother-reared groups, these indices were positively correlated with alcohol consumption. The results suggest that early rearing experiences that predispose monkeys to increased fear-related behaviors produce excessive alcohol consumption under normal living conditions. Furthermore, a major challenge such as social separation increases alcohol consumption to levels producing intoxication even in monkeys not particularly vulnerable to stress.
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PMID:Nonhuman primate model of alcohol abuse: effects of early experience, personality, and stress on alcohol consumption. 187 Nov 31

Beta-Endorphin, infused into the pre-optic/anterior hypothalamus (40 pmoles bilaterally) of the male rat before he was placed in an arena containing an oestrous female, inhibited mounting, intromitting and ejaculation, but investigative behaviour continued at control levels. If the infusion was delayed until the male had made an intromission, then beta-endorphin no longer had any effect on sexual interaction, the male mounting and ejaculating as if he had received a control infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid. However, if the male was returned to a different female after the infusion had been completed, then the suppressive effects of beta-endorphin returned. Males infused during the refractory period following an ejaculation (and returned to the same female) showed unimpaired return of sexual activity. Imposing a delay of up to 2 h after an intromission and an infusion showed that the effect of beta-endorphin was still antagonized when the male was again paired with the same female; however, by 6 h, its inhibitory effects were beginning to return. Allowing the male to mount (but not intromit) a female whose vagina had been taped partially counteracted the behavioural effect of beta-endorphin. If the female was separated from the male by a small wire cage which allowed limited interaction with her, subsequently infusing the males with beta-endorphin suppressed their mounting behaviour. These results show that both investigative and mounting behaviour can occur after infusions of beta-endorphin into the pre-optic/anterior hypothalamus, but that the transition between them is prevented if infusions are made before a critical point in the behavioural sequence. This is the onset of following the female and mounting her. Analysis of the behavioural sequence after either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or beta-endorphin infusions confirmed this; beta-endorphin interrupted the sequence at the first transition between investigative and mounting behaviour. These results suggest that beta-endorphin acts on a neural mechanism in the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus which allows matching of incentive stimulus to specific behavioural response, and this may be a general property of this part of the brain.
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PMID:Differential effects of beta-endorphin infused into the hypothalamic preoptic area at various phases of the male rat's sexual behaviour. 274 21

This study investigated the effects of long-term, low-level exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) on various physiological systems in a large rodent population. Two hundred adult male white rats with chronically implanted aortic cannulas were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in the first group were exposed to the low-level RFR environment for approximately 22 hours daily, seven days a week, for six months. Depending on animal orientation within the home cage (all animals singly caged) the estimated whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) ranged from 0.04 to 0.4 W/kg. The estimated mean whole-body SAR ranged from 0.3 W/kg (medium-sized rats) to 0.35 W/kg (large-sized rats). A second, sham-exposure group was maintained under identical conditions, but were not radiated. Microsamples of blood were withdrawn on a cyclic schedule from the unanesthetized and unrestrained rats. The blood samples were assayed for plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), plasma corticosterone, plasma prolactin, plasma catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine), hematological end points (hematocrit ratio, complete red blood cell count, complete white blood cell count, and a differential count of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes), and cardiovascular end points (heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure). Analysis of the results showed no significant RFR-induced differences in these end points when the RFR-exposed group was compared to the sham-exposed group. Chronic exposure to the low-level, pulsed field resulted in no adverse effects on animal health, as measured by the spectrum of blood-borne end points.
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PMID:Long-term study of 435 MHz radio-frequency radiation on blood-borne end points in cannulated rats. Part II: methods, results, and summary. 284 18

The effects of restraint stress applied at different times of the day on levels of five stress-responsive plasma hormones (ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-LPH, corticosterone and prolactin) and pituitary cyclic AMP levels were assessed. Different groups of rats were subjected to 15 min of restraint stress at 2-hour intervals over a 24-hour period. Rats were sacrificed immediately upon removal from their home cage (controls) or immediately following restraint (stressed). The time of day of stress exposure markedly affected the stress responses measured. Generally, responses to stress applied at the beginning of the dark cycle (18:00) were less than those seen following stress applied at the beginning of the light cycle (06:00). Stress at 06:00 increased levels of pituitary cyclic AMP 10-fold, while stress applied at 18:00 did not significantly increase pituitary cyclic AMP levels. In stressed rats, high correlations were seen among levels of hormones derived from the common precursor, proopiomelanocortin (ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-LPH) and between these hormones and levels of pituitary cyclic AMP. These findings support the hypothesis that pituitary cyclic AMP is involved in the stress-induced release or synthesis of the pituitary hormones ACTH, beta-endorphin, and beta-LPH.
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PMID:Diurnal variation in neuroendocrine response to stress in rats: plasma ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-LPH, corticosterone, prolactin and pituitary cyclic AMP responses. 301 85

The benzodiazepine/GABA receptor coupled chloride ionophore was examined in brain membranes of rats maintained in either a conventional animal facility or a "protected" (low-stress) environment. Following a 10 min ambient temperature swim, animals maintained in both environments had qualitatively similar increases in the number (Bmax) of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding sites, the apparent affinity of this radioligand, and the efficacy and potency of Cl- to enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding. Nonetheless, the Bmax of [35S]TBPS and efficacy of Cl- to enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding were significantly lower in animals housed in the protected environment compared to those maintained in a conventional facility both before and after swim stress. Furthermore, in rats housed in a protected environment, sequential removal of animals from a common cage (cohort removal), produced a very rapid increase (less than or equal to 15 s) in Cl(-)-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding in cortical and hippocampal but not cerebellar membranes. Cohort removal also produced a sequential increase in the number of [35S]TBPS binding sites and apparent affinity of this radioligand in cerebral cortical membranes. The effects of cohort removal were not observed in animals subjected to ambient temperature swim or if animals were removed from different cages. Changes in the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor coupled chloride ionophore produced by cohort removal from a common cage preceded any statistically significant changes in circulating levels of alpha-MSH, beta-endorphin, ACTH or corticosterone. These findings suggest that the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex (supramolecular complex) is under both tonic and acute regulation by the environment, and may subserve a physiologically relevant function in the response to stressful or anxiety producing stimuli.
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PMID:Environmentally-induced modification of the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor coupled chloride ionophore. 303 19

Responses of commercial laying hens to 16 management systems were examined for 10 laying periods of 28 days each. Twelve cage treatments consisted of housing three, four, or five hens in deep and shallow cages of different dimensions which provided .035 and .046 m2/hen. Four floor treatments housed 35 hens or 32 hens and three roosters at densities of .094 or .373 m2/bird, in two replicated pens each. Quantitative data were collected simultaneously for 23 production, physiological, and behavioral characteristics throughout the study. When comparing all caged with floor pen hens, caged hens had better (P less than .05) egg production rates (76.3 vs. 73.9%), gained more weight, had better feed efficiency, and had greater egg and egg shell weights than floor hens. All floor pen hens had higher (P less than .01) viability (98.9 vs. 95.0%), higher (P less than .01) plasma corticosterone levels (595.0 vs. 445.4 pg/ml), a greater (P less than .01) response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) challenges, and lower (P less than .01) antibody titers to Salmonella pullorum challenges than all caged hens. Caged hens preened, stood, crouched, and feather pecked more than floor hens, while floor hens drank and moved about more than caged hens. This study attempted to quantify production, physiological, and behavioral traits, all on the same flock of hens, in order to separate stressful from nonstressful management environments. Integration of all measurements indicates that properly managed caged hens were subjected to significantly fewer stressors than laying hens housed in floor pens, although the hens' well-being in the two environments could not be quantitatively compared.
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PMID:Production, physiological, and behavioral responses of laying hens in different management environments. 360 49

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) injected intracerebroventricularly in doses from 15-150 pmoles (10-1000 nanograms) produced a prolonged locomotor activation in rats previously habituated to a test cage environment. This CRF activation persisted following hypophysectomy, opiate-receptor blockade and low dose dopamine receptor blockade suggesting a unique mechanism of action. In aversive, stressful situations such as a novel open field test and an operant conflict test CRF produced behavioral changes consistent with increased "emotionality." In the rat conflict test, this "anxiogenic" effect of CRF could be reversed by low doses of the anti-anxiety drug chlordiazepoxide. These results suggest that CRF liberated directly into the central nervous system may have an endocoid action important for mobilizing behavioral responses to stress.
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PMID:Stimulant and anxiogenic effects of corticotropin releasing factor. 387 24


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