Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A review of neuroendocrine features in breast carcinomas is presented and markers for neuroendocrine cells are discussed. Immunostaining for neuron specific enolase is the best screening marker for neuroendocrine cells in breast carcinomas, but immunoreactivity for hormones is not present in all neuron specific enolase (NSE) positive cases. Normal myoepithelial cells are also NSE positive. Thirty per cent of breast carcinomas are NSE positive. Biochemical demonstration of ACTH, PTH and calcitonin, and immunohistochemical demonstration of ACTH, bombesin, serotonin, prolactin, gastrin, VIP, leu-enkephalin, pancreatic polypeptide, beta-endorphin and sub P has been reported in breast carcinomas. Neuroendocrine cells have not been convincingly demonstrated in the normal breast or in benign breast lesions.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in breast lesions. 329 Aug 69

Neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms range from well to poorly differentiated types. These neoplasms usually contain neurosecretory (NS) granules demonstrated by either transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or silver reduction methods. By using the uranaffin reaction, one can differentiate NSG from other membrane-bound organelles. Recently, a variety of antibodies reactive against specific peptides or neurotransmitter substances have been advocated as being diagnostically useful. Using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) or Avidin-Biotin technics, we studied 41 NE neoplasms using anti-sera specific for neurospecific enolase (NSE), bombesin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, and serotonin. All cases were shown to contain NS granules with a positive uranaffin reaction. In all 25 well-differentiated cases, at least one anti-serum gave a positive reaction. NSE was positive in 22 of the 25. In the poorly differentiated group, 7 (43.2%) of 16 were negative for all anti-sera tested. In these negative cases TEM using the uranaffin reaction remains an important diagnostic test.
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PMID:Comparison of the usefulness of histochemistry and ultrastructural cytochemistry in the identification of neuroendocrine neoplasms. 375 79

Primary small cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis is rare. We report a case of combined small cell and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. The patient was a 78-year-old man with macrohematuria. He was diagnosed with right pelvic tumor by right retrograde pyelography and computerized tomography. A right radical nephroureterectomy was performed. Histological sections of the tumor showed a mixture of small cell and grade 2 transitional cell carcinoma. Positivity for Grimelius was noted in the small cell component. Masson-Fontana, chromogranin A, serotonin, keratin, leucocyte common antigen (LCA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH) and somatostatin were negative. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were tightly packed and attached together by scattered desmosomes. There were no neurosecretory granules. Seven months after operation, the patient died with peritonitis carcinomatosa. At autopsy, a metastatic tumor was found in the liver and retroperitoneal lymph node. Other organs were not involved. Especially, there were no abnormalities in the lungs.
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PMID:[Combined small cell and transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis: a case report]. 790 May 68

Neuroendocrine (NE) cells were localized by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry in the gill epithelium of bowfin Amia calva. The NE cells are dispersed in whole epithelium of the gill as solitary cells without intraepithelial innervation. All the observed NE cells do not reach the surface of the epithelium. The NE cells are characterized by a large nucleus with patches of condensed chromatin, numerous mitochondria, a well developed Golgi apparatus and a few dense core vesicles of various size scattered in the cytoplasm. Dense core vesicles range from 100 to 560 nm in diameter, while a clear space between the electron dense core ant the limiting membrane ranges from 20 to 240 nm. Immunocytochemical observations reveal the presence of general neuroendocrine markers such as neuro-specific enolase and bioactive substances: serotonin, leu-enkephalin and met-enkephalin. we demonstrated the presence of endothelin - for the first time in fish - and suggested a local paracrine role for the NE cells. Some ultrastructural aspects and the immunocytochemical characteristics of NE cells of bowfin gills are common with those encountered in such cells of other lower vertebrate species.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine cells in the gills of the bowfin Amia calva. An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. 861 69

The immunocytochemical characterization of cell lines originating from thyroid medullary carcinoma, i.e. human TT cells and rat rMTC 6-23 cells, was undertaken. The immunocytochemical studies were supplemented by ultrastructural studies, including ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, and by radioimmunological estimation of calcitonin secretion to the medium. In rMTC 6-23 cells (subcultures 24 to 30), no hormone presence was demonstrated immunocytochemically, which corresponded to the absence of secretory granules at the ultrastructural level. Of various proteins sought, only neuron-specific enolase could be demonstrated. Nevertheless, the cells secreted calcitonin into the medium. TT cells (passages 145 to 160) produced secretory granules. The granules contained calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide, parathyroid hormone-related protein, functional proteins of the chromogranin group and synaptophysin. Other functional proteins found in the cytosol of TT cells included non-specific enolase, calbindin and tyrosine hydroxylase. Receptor for calcitriol was localized in the cell nucleus. Marker proteins were localized in the cytosol (carcinoembryonic antigen) and in the cell skeleton (alpha-tubulin, cytokeratin). Following changes in ionized calcium levels in the medium, changes in calcitonin secretion and in immunocytochemical detectability of some hormones and functional proteins were observed. TT cells demonstrated the expression of numerous hormones and functional proteins associated with calcitonin secretion. Further, the cells in their ultrastructure, immunocytochemical and secretory characteristics, resemble more closely normal parafollicular cells of the thyroid and, in our opinion, represent a more appropriate model for functional studies.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical characterization of two thyroid medullary carcinoma cell lines in vitro. 878 64

Two cases of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma were studied by means of immunocytochemical methods using 41 kinds of antibodies. The tumors consisted of three histological types; carcinoid, ganglioneuroma and paraganglioma. Tumors of both cases exhibited immunoreactivity to at least one or as many as three of the following: calcitonin, calcitonin-gene related peptide, endocrine granule constituent, Leu7, neuropeptide Y and basic fibroblast growth factor. In addition, these tumors were also immunopositive for neuron specific enolase, S-100 protein, neurofilament protein, pancreatic polypeptide, chromogranin A, somatostatin, leuenkephalin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide, as has been described in previous reports. In one case, tumor cells were immunopositive for adrenocorticotropin, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide, myelin basic protein, neuroendocrine marker and tyrosine hydroxylase. Moreover, paraganglioma cells of tumors showed both argyrophilia and argentaffinity. These results suggest that duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma may originate from embryonic neuroinsular complex.
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PMID:Two cases of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma: immunocytochemical characteristics. 882 94

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis of the sheep fetus plays a critical role in fetal development, responsiveness to stress, and initiation of parturition. We have recently reported that the fetal lung contains and secretes significant amounts of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin (iACTH). The present study was designed to identify the molecular weight profile and the cellular location of iACTH in this tissue. iACTH extracted from fetal lung was immunoprecipitated, electrophoresed, and immunoblotted. Pulmonary iACTH was found in several molecular forms. The largest peptides appeared as doublets, and had molecular weights similar to POMC (32, 33 kD). Smaller peptides appeared in molecular weights (17, 24, and 27 kD) which were not consistent with the post-translational processing of POMC in fetal pituitary, but which were consistent with known processing of POMC by chromaffin granule aspartyl protease. None of the molecular forms of iACTH were glycosylated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the iACTH was contained within bronchial epithelium and within groups of cells within the parenchyma of the lung. Both of these types of cells are consistent with pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. The distribution of neuroendocrine cells and apparent concordance with the iACTH-positive cells was confirmed by immunostaining for neuron specific enolase, a marker for neuroendocrine cells within the lung. We conclude that the lung contains unprocessed and partially processed POMC within cells known to contain neuropeptides. We speculate that secretion of the POMC-related peptides from these cells is physiologically important in the late-gestation fetus.
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PMID:Fetal pulmonary immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin: molecular weight and cellular localization. 955 82

Ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion accounts for less than 10% of all causes of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) and is usually associated with neuroendocrine tumors and small cell carcinoma of the lung. We report the case of a 62-year-old man with CS due to ectopic ACTH production by small cell carcinoma of the prostate. He presented with severe hypercortisolism and associated symptoms. Plasma neuron specific enolase (NSE) was grossly elevated. Despite performing a laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy, the patient died as a result of sepsis with multi-organ failure. Post-mortem immunohistochemical staining of prostate tumor tissue showed ACTH expression. ACTH staining was also performed in four additional patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract without CS. None of these additional cases showed a positive staining for ACTH. Although a rare cause of ectopic ACTH production, neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma should be considered in male patients with Cushing's syndrome, in particular in those with an occult source of ACTH overproduction.
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PMID:Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production by (neuroendocrine) prostate carcinoma. 1832 2


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