Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Corticotropin-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes of rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits. Melanotropins elicited high lipolytic activity only in guinea pig and rabbit adipocytes. Opiate peptides were active only in rabbit adipocytes. Pituitary and chorionic gonadotropins and somatotropin were lipolytic in guinea pig adipocytes. Other hormones tested including prolactin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin, angiotensin II, thyrotropin releasing hormone and pancreatic polypeptide were devoid of lipolytic activity in all of the adipocytes studied. 2. In the rabbit adipocytes gamma-melanotropin was lipolytic only at high doses. At these doses the peptide inhibited the lipolytic response to a high dose of corticotropin. 3. Lipolysis stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and epinephrine in rat adipocytes was antagonized by insulin. The lipolytic hormones corticotropin, epinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin suppressed basal and insulin-stimulated lipogenesis.
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PMID:Studies on hormonal regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in fat cells of various mammalian species. 196 44

This study focuses on the involvement of catecholamines and nine different peptides in efferents of the nucleus of the solitary tract to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and different parabrachial and hypothalamic nuclei in the rat. A double-labeling technique was used that combines a protein-gold complex as the retrograde tracer with immunohistochemistry. Catecholaminergic projection neurons were the most numerous type observed and projected mainly ipsilaterally to all targets studied. Most projections arose from areas overlying the dorsal motor nucleus, mainly the medial nucleus. Neurons synthesizing somatostatin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, dynorphin B, neuropeptide Y, and neurotensin projected to all structures examined. Somatostatin and enkephalin immunoreactive projection cells were the most numerous. They were located in close proximity to each other, including all subnuclei immediately surrounding the solitary tract, bilaterally. Most dynorphin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactive projection cells were found rostral to that of enkephalinergic and somatostatinergic projections, and mainly in the ipsilateral medial nucleus. Neurotensinergic projections were sparse and from dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei. Substance P and cholecystokinin contribute to parabrachial afferents. The location of substance P immunoreactive projection cells closely resembled that of enkephalinergic and somatostatinergic projections. Projecting cholecystokinin immunoreactive cells were observed in dorsolateral nucleus. Bombesin immunoreactive cells in dorsal nucleus projected to either the parabrachial or hypothalamic nuclei. No vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cells were detected. Thus, most catecholaminergic and neuropeptidergic efferents originated from different populations of cells. It is proposed that catecholaminergic neurons constitute the bulk of solitary efferents and that they may contribute to autonomic neurotransmission. Peptidergic neurons mainly form other subgroups of projections and may play a role in modulating the physiological state of the target nuclei.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and catecholamines in efferent projections of the nuclei of the solitary tract in the rat. 196 68

The hypothalamus is a major source of afferents to the parabrachial nucleus (PB), but the neurotransmitters in this pathway are largely unknown. In this study, we examine the neuropeptide immunoreactivities of neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the PB by using the combined retrograde fluorescence-immunofluorescence method. After injections of the fluorescent tracer fast blue into the PB, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, median preoptic, and anteroventral periventricular hypothalamic nuclei; in the dorsal, retrochiasmatic, and lateral hypothalamic areas; and in the medial and lateral preoptic areas. Our results show that at least five distinct neuropeptide-immunoreactive cell populations in the hypothalamus project to the PB. In the perifornical lateral hypothalamus, many neurotensin (NT)-, corticotropin-releasing factor-, dynorphin (DYN)-, angiotensin II (AII)-, and galanin-like immunoreactive (-ir) neurons were retrogradely labeled. A cluster of retrogradely labeled neurons in the juxtacapsular lateral hypothalamus stained with an antiserum against alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha MSH). Over 50% of the retrogradely labeled cells in the arcuate nucleus were adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-or alpha MSH-ir. Many alpha MSH- and ACTH-ir, and a few DYN-, NT- and AII-ir neurons in the retrochiasmatic area were retrogradely labeled. Only small numbers of double-labeled neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus, and, of these, enkephalin-ir and dynorphin-ir neurons were the most common. Somatostatin-ir cells in the hypothalamus were rarely double-labeled. The chemical coding of these hypothalamic projections to the PB may provide important clues to the functional organization of these descending pathways.
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PMID:Neuropeptide organization of the hypothalamic projection to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. 197 10

Central neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator candidates reported to affect gastric acid secretion are: (excitatory) acetylcholine, thyrotropin releasing hormone, GABA, oxytocin; (inhibitory) noradrenaline, adenosine, bombesin, calcitonin-gene related peptide, corticotropin releasing factor, beta-endorphin, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, insulin-like growth factor II and prostaglandins. Regulation of gastric acid secretion by central administration of these substances in experimental animals such as rats and dogs are briefly reviewed, and central inhibitory mechanisms of this function are discussed based on our studies with noradrenaline and bombesin. Roles of hypothalamic nuclei such as the ventromedial nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus in regulation of autonomic nerve activities are also described as an introductory note.
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PMID:[Central neurotransmitters and regulation of gastric acid secretion]. 198 Jun 59

The ability of a number of drugs and neuropeptides to stimulate phosphoinositide metabolism in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells has been assessed. Low concentrations (10 nM) of angiotensin II, bradykinin, histamine, arginine-vasopressin, and bombesin, and high (10 microM) concentrations of oxytocin, prostaglandins E1, and E2, beta-endorphin, and neurotensin stimulated significant accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates in adrenal medullary cells preloaded with [3H)]inositol. Bradykinin stimulated a significant response at concentration as low as 10pM, with an EC50 of approximately 0.5 nM. The response was markedly inhibited by the bradykinin B2 antagonist [Thi5,8,D-Phe7] bradykinin but not the B1 antagonist [Des-Arg9,Leu8] bradykinin. Higher concentrations of bombesin and neurotensin were required to elicit a response (10 nM and 10 microM respectively). The bombesin response was sensitive to inhibition by the bombesin antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9Leu11]-substance P. In contrast, the neurotensin response was not reduced by the NT1 antagonist [D-Trp11]-neurotensin. These results indicate there are a number of agents that can stimulate phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis in the adrenal medullary cells by acting on different classes of receptors. Such a range of diverse agonists that stimulate inositol phosphate formation will facilitate further analysis of the phosphatidylinositide breakdown in chromaffin cell function.
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PMID:Receptor stimulated formation of inositol phosphates in cultures of bovine adrenal medullary cells: the effects of bradykinin, bombesin and neurotensin. 217 99

The distributions of gut hormones in the colon of Hirschsprung's disease were investigated by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method. Three colonic segments (ganglionic, oligoganglionic, and aganglionic) were stained by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. The immunoreactivity of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was found to be reduced in the oligoganglionic and aganglionic segments. Antisera to substance P and met-enkephalin demonstrated immunoreactive cells and fibers in the ganglionic segment, whereas these cells and fibers were almost completely absent in the oligoganglionic and aganglionic segments. A similar distribution was seen for the mucosal endocrine cells with somatostatin immunoreactivity. Antisera to neurotensin, motilin, bombesin, and cholecystokinin revealed no immunoreactivity in the normal colon or the three segments. The differences in these peptides between normal and impaired colonal segments may be one of the causes of colon constriction in Hirschsprung's disease.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical investigations of gut hormones in the colon of patients with Hirschsprung's disease. 240 61

The presence and distribution of regulatory peptides in nerves and endocrine cells of the stomach, intestine and rectum of a urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, was studied immunohistochemically in sections or whole-mount preparations of the gut wall. The effect of the occurring peptides on gut motility was studied in isolated strip preparations of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle from different parts of the gut. Bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like immunoreactivity was present in abundant nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of both stomach, intestine and rectum. Single fibres or bundles were present in the circular muscle layer and in a well-developed deep muscular plexus in the intestine and rectum. Immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the stomach, intestine (neurotensin only) and rectum. Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity was observed only in a few fibres in stomach and rectum. Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, met-enkephalin-, gastrin/CCK-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- or substance P- like immunoreactivity were present in the mucosa. The effect of bombesin was an inhibition of the rhythmic activity in circular muscle preparations and in longitudinal muscle from the rectum, while longitudinal muscle from the stomach usually responded with a weak increase in tonus. Neurotensin, like-bombesin, was inhibitory on the spontaneous rhythmic activity of circular muscle throughout the gut, while the effect on longitudinal muscle was an increase in tonus. Met-enkephalin and substance P increased the tonus of all types of preparations, and often, in addition, initiated a rhythmic activity superimposed on this maintained tonus. VIP had a general inhibitory effect on the preparations, decreasing tonus and/or abolishing rhythmic activity. It is concluded that bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like peptides are present in nerves throughout the urodele gut and may have physiological functions in regulating the motility of the gut. The gastrin/CCK-like peptide present in nerves of the stomach and rectum may affect the function of these parts of the gut. The regulatory peptides present in endocrine cells may, perhaps with the exception of the somatostatin-like peptide, affect the motility humorally.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the gastrointestinal canal of Necturus maculosus. Distribution and effects on motility. 241 14

Hypothalamic but not pituitary immunoreactive beta-endorphin (beta-E) was significantly reduced (37%) in mice 24 hr following 30 daily doses of nicotine (1200 micrograms/kg, SC). Hypothalamic beta-E returned towards normal levels within 7 days and was observed to rise 50% above normal 14 days after the cessation of nicotine treatment. None of the other neuropeptides measure, substance P, neurotensin, or [met5]-enkephalin was altered by nicotine treatment. The data suggest that the hypothalamic beta-E containing neurons were unable to adapt to nicotine's repeated effects on this system.
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PMID:Biphasic effects of chronic nicotine treatment on hypothalamic immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the mouse. 241 41

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

The effects of the putative neurotransmitters acetylcholine, adrenaline, adenosine, ATP, bombesin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, met-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P and VIP have been investigated in the perfused intestine of the cod, Gadus morhua. The presence and distribution of the different types of nerves was investigated with immunohistochemistry and Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. A spontaneous rhythmic activity of the perfused preparations usually occurred within a few minutes from the start of the experiment. This activity was diminished or abolished by addition of atropine, methysergide or tetrodotoxin to the perfusion fluid. Acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or substance P caused a contraction of the intestinal wall. The response to acetylcholine was blocked by atropine but not by tetrodotoxin, while the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine was blocked by methysergide and usually also by tetrodotoxin. This indicates that the effect of acetylcholine is direct on the muscle cells, while the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine may be at least partly via a second neuron. All adrenergic agonists (adrenaline, isoprenaline and phenylephrine) had a dominating inhibitory effect on the intestine. Experiments with antagonists showed that the inhibition is due to stimulation of both alpha-adrenoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors. ATP, adenosine and somatostatin also caused a relaxation of the intestinal wall, often followed by a contraction. Met-enkephalin produced variable responses, either a relaxation, a contraction or both. Bombesin caused a weak inhibition, if anything. Neurotensin and VIP did not visibly affect the intestinal motility. 5-HT-, substance P- and VIP-like immunoreactivity and catecholamine fluorescence were observed in the myenteric plexus, submucosa and muscle layers in all parts of the intestine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. 241 59


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