Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The response of six mRNAs (for prepro-corticotropin-releasing hormone, prepro-enkephalin, prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine, prepro-neurotensin/neuromedin N, prepro-cholecystokinin, and prepro-tyrosine hydroxylase) was measured in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei after increasing periods of osmotic stimulation caused by the replacement of regular drinking water with hypertonic saline (up to five days) or by forced dehydration (up to three days). In addition, hematocrits and concentrations of corticosterone were determined after the different periods of osmotic stimulation and correlated with the effects on the content of the various mRNAs. The temporal response of the mRNAs within the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to osmotic stimulation was different within the three compartments of these nuclei. First, in response to overnight osmotic stimulation, magnocellular neurosecretory neurons increased their mRNA content for two molecules (prepro-corticotropin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase). As the stimulus was maintained over the next two to four days, these cells accumulated the mRNAs for at least three other peptides (cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine and enkephalin). Second, the response of peptide-coding mRNAs in parvicellular neurosecretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus appeared to be slower; no changes could be measured after overnight stimulation. However, after a further two- to four-days of continued osmotic stimulation, the content of the mRNA coding for corticotropin-releasing hormone markedly decreased while that for cholecystokinin increased. No change in the content of the mRNAs coding for prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine, enkephalin, and prepro-neurotensin/neuromedin N could be seen at any time after osmotic stimulation in parvicellular neurosecretory neurons. Third, increases in the content of mRNA coding for corticotropin-releasing hormone in the parvicellular neurons that provide descending projections from the paraventricular nucleus could only be detected after longer periods of osmotic stimulation. The effect of osmotic stimulation on plasma corticosterone concentrations was quickly apparent; plasma corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated on the first morning after the beginning of salt-loading, and demonstrated the rapid effects of osmotic stimulation on the mechanisms controlling corticosterone release. These results show that the synthetic capability of cells in all three compartments of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei are modified by osmotic stimulation over different time scales, thereby allowing differential modulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral components of the animal's response to disturbances in fluid homeostasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Disturbance of fluid homeostasis leads to temporally and anatomically distinct responses in neuropeptide and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. 134 11

The levels of Neurotensin, VIP, Somatostatin, beta-endorphin and Bombesin have been investigated in plasma of 16 depressed and 20 anxious patients. VIP and Neurotensin were found significantly decreased in patients vs a group of 20 controls. Neurotensin levels returned to normal values after recovery. There were no significant differences from the normal in the concentrations of Somatostatin, beta-endorphin and Bombesin in the disease groups.
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PMID:[Plasma neuropeptides in affective and anxiety disorders]. 135 86

The pattern of expression of at least four neuropeptides contained in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells is altered by exposure to the cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), alone or in combination with stimulation of other second messenger pathways. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was elevated 2- to 3-fold by 1 nM IL-1 alpha within 48 h of exposure, while neurotensin and substance P synthesis were unaffected, and met-enkephalin levels were decreased 25-35%. Stimulation of VIP and substance P biosynthesis by forskolin was markedly enhanced by IL-1 alpha, while forskolin stimulation of enkephalin and neurotensin biosynthesis was unaffected. IL-1 alpha amplified the effect of phorbol myristate acetate to increase the VIP content of chromaffin cells, but antagonized phorbol ester-induced elevation of neurotensin levels. TNF alpha also demonstrated a neuropeptide-specific pattern of modulation of second-messenger effects on chromaffin cell neuropeptide levels similar to those seen with IL-1 alpha. The neuroendocrine actions of IL-1 alpha described above, unlike IL-1 action in the immune system, do not appear to be mediated through IL-2 as this cytokine did not affect VIP or enkephalin expression in the presence or absence of protein kinase stimulation. Neither IL-1 alpha nor TNF alpha affected the calcium-coupled stimulation of neuropeptide secretion and biosynthesis that occurs in response to cell depolarization in these and other neuroendocrine cells in vitro and in vivo. These data provide a functional demonstration of IL-1 and TNF receptors in chromaffin cell cultures and suggest a physiological role for cytokine production in the adrenal medulla. Since both the magnitude and direction of neuropeptide synthesis modulation by IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha are highly peptide-specific, it appears that these cytokines do not merely augment second messenger pathways that affect neuropeptide synthesis, but potentially regulate the activity of factors controlling the pattern of neuropeptide gene expression in chromaffin cells.
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PMID:Interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha differentially regulate enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, and substance P biosynthesis in chromaffin cells. 137 39

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid complex that participates in adrenocorticotrophin secretion, stress-related reactions and behavioral functions. The ACe contains numerous glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons, and in addition it has been shown to contain several neuropeptide-IR somata and nerve terminals. In order to study the relationship between the GR- and neuropeptide-IR structures we mapped the distribution of GR-like immunoreactivity (LI) in amygdaloid complex and colocalized the neuropeptide- and GR-LIs in the ACe. In the amygdaloid complex the central, medial and cortical nuclei contained a high number of GR-IR neurons, whereas a moderate number of GR-IR neurons were observed in the basolateral and basomedial nuclei. Only a few GR-IR neurons were seen in the lateral nucleus. In the ACe, the majority of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-, met-enkephalin (met-ENK)-, neurotensin (NT)- and somatostatin (SOM)-IR neurons contained also GR-IR. About half of the substance P (SP)-IR neurons were seen to contain GR-IR, whereas only some of the few vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin-IR neurons showed GR-LI. Nerve terminals containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and the above mentioned peptides were seen in close contact with the GR-IR neurons. These results suggest that the glucocorticoids may modulate directly the neurotransmitter synthesis of the CRF-, met-ENK, NT-, SOM- and SP-IR cells in the ACe.
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PMID:Colocalization of peptide and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivities in rat central amygdaloid nucleus. 137 77

To investigate the effects of osmotic stimulation on neural circuits concerned with non-neuroendocrine aspects of homeostatic regulation, the levels of the mRNAs coding for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neurotensin/neuromedin N (NT/NMN) in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) of animals given 2.5% saline to drink overnight were measured semiquantitatively using in situ hybridization. Overnight osmotic stimulation leads to converse effects on the levels of these two mRNAs in different anatomical regions; increased levels of both mRNAs are seen in the LHA, but levels decrease in the CEA. While a number of previous studies have shown that ppCRH mRNA in the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus may contribute to the neuroendocrine response to osmotic stimulation, the present results show that in response to osmotic stimulation neurons located outside the PVH and SO may also modulate their synthetic potential, not just for CRH but also NT/NMN. These results suggest that a physiological stimulus may modulate the levels of two peptides previously identified in circuits projecting from the forebrain to nuclei in the brainstem, and as such, CRH and NT/NMN may participate in the regulation by the forebrain of the autonomic and/or behavioral responses of the animal to dehydration. Furthermore, these data show that a particular stimulus has opposite effects on the level of both peptide mRNAs when expressed in two different cell groups, suggesting first, that these peptides may have more than one role in the response, and second, the existence and influence of differential control mechanisms.
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PMID:Osmotic stimulation differentially affects cellular levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and neurotensin/neuromedin N mRNAs in the lateral hypothalamic area and central nucleus of the amygdala. 139 29

Sodium nitroprusside was infused intravenously for 10 minutes in normal men, reclining at 45 degrees, in a dose sufficient to decrease the arterial pressure by 10 mmHg. The effect on a variety of plasma hormones was measured during the infusion and for 20 minutes afterwards. The heart rate increased to a maximum of 149%. Norepinephrine rose to a maximum of 196% in 5 minutes. Epinephrine reached a peak of 207% after 10 minutes. Plasma renin activity reached a peak of 449% at 10 minutes. Aldosterone did not change during the infusion, but increased to a maximum of 145% 10 minutes later. Vasopressin increased sharply at the end of the infusion to 893% and then rapidly decreased. Corticotropin, prolactin and growth hormone started to increase toward the end of the infusion, but reached their maxima during recovery. Corticotropin (225%) and prolactin (288%) peaked 10 minutes after the infusion, while growth hormone (414%) appeared still to be rising 20 minutes after the end of the infusion. Cortisol also rose progressively during recovery to a level of 138%. No significant changes were seen in the concentrations of insulin, glucagon, atrial natriuretic peptide, bombesin or neurotensin.
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PMID:Temporal relations of the endocrine response to hypotension with sodium nitroprusside. 155 71

The effects of neurotensin on the activity of hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular and periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and on the secretion of pituitary hormones that are tonically regulated by these neurons (i.e. prolactin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone [alpha MSH], respectively) were examined in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. The activity of tuberoinfundibular and periventricular-hypophysial DA neurons was estimated by measuring concentrations of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the terminals of these neurons in the median eminence and intermediate lobe of the posterior pituitary, respectively. Intracerebroventricular administration of neurotensin caused a dose- and time-related increase in DOPAC concentrations in both the median eminence and intermediate lobe, and a concurrent decrease in plasma levels of prolactin and alpha MSH. These results suggest that neurotensin-induced inhibition of secretion of prolactin and alpha MSH from the pituitary may be due to the stimulatory action of this neuropeptide on the release of dopamine from tuberoinfundibular and periventricular-hypophysial neurons.
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PMID:Neurotensin-induced activation of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by a decrease in pituitary secretion of prolactin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. 159 29

Chromaffin granules, the secretory organelles of the neuron-like adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, have previously been shown to store and liberate neurotrophic activities that support in vitro survival of several neuron populations including those innervating the adrenal medulla. Molecules resembling fibroblast growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been identified among these activities. Since chromaffin granules store a variety of neuropeptides and many neuropeptides can have pleiotropic effects on neuronal growth and maintenance we have tested 24 different neuropeptides for their capacities to promote survival of embryonic chick ciliary, dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Peptides tested included several derivatives of proenkephalin (Leu- and met-enkephalin, fragments BAM 22, B, F and E), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, VIP, bombesin, secretin, pancreastatin, dynorphin B, dynorphin 1-13, beta-endorphin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Control cultures received saturating concentrations of ciliary neurotrophic or nerve growth factor (CNTF; NGF), or no trophic supplements. At 1 x 10(-5) M leu- and met-enkephalin as well as somatostatin supported sympathetic neurons to the same extent as NGF. At the same concentrations, leu-enkephalin, the proenkephalin fragments BAM 22 and E, and somatostatin maintained about half of the dorsal root ganglionic neurons supported by NGF, but were not effective on ciliary neurons. VIP promoted the survival of approximately 50% of the ciliary and embryonic day 10 dorsal root ganglionic neurons as compared to saturating amounts of CNTF, but required the presence of non-neuronal cells in the cultures to be effective. Neurotensin (1 x 10(-5) M had a small effect on ciliary neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Screening of adrenal medullary neuropeptides for putative neurotrophic effects. 163 76

90 primary breast carcinomas and 18 metastases were immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein and neuron specific enolase. 30 tumours were c-erbB-2 negative and NSE positive, 23 tumours were NSE negative and c-erbB-2 positive. 1 tumour expressed focal immunoreactivity for both markers. 54 of the 108 tumours (50%) did not express either marker. Hormone immunoreactivity was present in single cells and in small groups of cells in 18 of the 31 NSE positive tumours. Bombesin, neurotensin and prealbumin were present in 4 cases each, followed by beta-endorphin and VIP in 3 cases each, leu-enkephalin in 2 cases and gastrin, serotonin, substance P, glucagon and somatostatin in 1 case each. None of 10 NSE negative breast carcinomas were comprised of cells expressing immunoreactivity for hormones. By immunoelectron microscopic examination the c-erbB-2 protein was shown to be present on the cell membrane, on smooth areas, microvilli and in coated pits. Immunoreactivity was also expressed in vesicles in cytoplasm and along rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study shows that c-erbB-2 protein expression and neuroendocrine activity are present in different tumour cell populations. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of c-erbB-2 protein, indicating an elevated cellular tyrosine kinase activity with stimulation of growth, intracellular Ca++, and phosphatidylinositol derivates, means that the same cell does not need regulation of the same factors by stimulation of peptide hormone receptors. Thus the production of autocrine and paracrine factors is switched off.
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PMID:C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. 167 29

The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated immunocytochemically, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin and semithin sections for light microscopy, and immunogold staining in osmium-fixed material for electron microscopy. The fixation procedure also allowed a detailed ultrastructural investigation. Twenty-three antisera were tested and 7 immunoreactive cell-types were identified: D-cells containing somatostatin-like peptide; EG-cells immunoreactive to anti-glucagon, anti-GLP1 and anti-neurotensin; NT-cells labelled only with anti-neurotensin; BN-cells containing bombesin-like material; ENK-cells showing met-enkephalin immunoreactivity; EC-cells reactive to anti-serotonin; and APP-cells positive to anti-avian pancreatic polypeptide. In addition, enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, were also detected by electron microscopy. The presence of ENK-cells and the ultrastructure of these and NT-cells are described for the first time in chicken proventriculus, and glucagon. GLP1 and neurotensin are shown to be colocalized in the EG-cells.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization of endocrine cells in chicken proventriculus. 167 89


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