Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A patient with ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) production from a neuroendocrine tumour of the nasal roof is presented. By indirect immunoperoxidase techniques the tumour cells were shown to be distinctly positive for ACTH and beta-endorphin but negative for other peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin. Neither corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF) found in some tumours associated with ectopic Cushing's syndrome, nor gastrin immunoreactivity, which coexists with ACTH in normal rat pituitary and in rat and human gastrointestinal cells, were demonstrable in the tumour. A review of other, previously recognized locations of CRF/ACTH producing tumours is given to increase the awareness of the ectopic Cushing's syndrome, which may lack the classical features and is characterized by fulminant clinical course, extreme fatigue, weakness, pale facial swelling, oedema and hypokalaemic alkalosis.
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PMID:Cushing's syndrome due to an ACTH-producing neuroendocrine tumour in the nasal roof. 298 19

Within the past year, three similar peptides with specific growth hormone (GH) releasing effects have been extracted from human tissue, identified, and synthesized. Human pancreatic tumor GH releasing factor (I-40)-OH (hpGRF-40) was the sole hpGRF isolated from the pancreatic tumor of a patient in Charlottesville and was the predominant peptide isolated from the pancreatic tumor of a patient in Lyon. The Lyon tumor also contained hpGRF(1-37)-OH and hpGRF(1-44)-NH2. Both immunological and biochemical data suggest that hpGRF-40 and hpGRF-44 are present in the human hypothalamus and may be the human GH releasing hormone(s) (GHRH). In cultures of rat pituitary cells, hpGRF stimulates GH but affects neither basal and dopamine-inhibited prolactin release nor basal and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release. hpGRF stimulates cyclic AMP production within seconds, an effect which is blocked by somatostatin. In contrast, while hpGRF stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover in the pituitary, the effect is not inhibited by somatostatin. In the human, hpGRF-40 (1 microgram/kg) given intravenously (i.v.) stimulates GH release within 5 minutes. hpGRF-40 does not elevate serum prolactin levels, thyrotropin (TSH), LH, or corticotropin (measured indirectly through plasma cortisol), or blood glucose or plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, cholecystokinin, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin, or somatostatin. When graded doses of hpGRF (0.1-10 micrograms/kg) are given i.v., no differences are noted in the maximal levels of serum GH achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human pancreatic tumor GH-releasing factor. 298 23

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), a linear peptide that exists in a number of different molecular forms (GRF-44, -40, -37, and-31) has been shown to be responsible for the acromegaly associated with certain endocrine tumors of the pancreas and other foregut-derived structures. With the use of two anti-sera (#1A850 and G59/901) directed against different segments of the GRF molecule, a series of 24 pancreatic and 35 gastrointestinal endocrine tumors, not associated with acromegaly, were surveyed systematically for immunocytochemical localization of GRF in the tumor cells. Strong immunoreactivity for GRF was encountered in 10 tumors (6 pancreatic and 4 gastrointestinal). While all ten tumors were immunoreactive against G59/901, which recognizes GRF-44, -40, and -37, two jejunal carcinoids showed additional immunostaining with 1A850 that is specific for GRF-44. Seven of these ten tumors were also immunoreactive for a variety of other regulatory peptides and neurotransmitters, including gastrin, insulin, glucagon, serotonin, substance P, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). No consistent pattern of association between GRF and the other regulatory substances was evident. These findings indicate that, even in the absence of associated acromegaly, up to 17% of endocrine tumors of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) axis show immunoreactivity for GRF and that such reactivity is associated more frequently with pancreatic (25%) than with gastrointestinal (11%) endocrine tumors.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone-releasing factor in gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. 300 Jan 64

Thirty-eight infiltrating ductal carcinomas, nine infiltrating lobular carcinomas, two tubular carcinomas and one papillary carcinoma were studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Seventeen cases showed immunoreactivity for NSE. Immunostaining for different peptide-hormones was observed in 12 of these 17 cases and in none of the 10 NSE-negative cases used for controls. Scattered cells were positive for gastrin in five cases, pancreatic polypeptide in five, leu-enkephalin in three, sub-P in two, ACTH in one, bombesin in one and beta-endorphin in one case. Four cases revealed immunoreactivity for more than one peptide-hormone. Typical neuroendocrine granules were seen in five cases (all positively stained for NSE). Small, electron dense granules of possible neuroendocrine nature were not found in any of the 33 NSE-negative tumours. Our results confirm that immunoreactivity for NSE is present in a high proportion of breast carcinomas, but that neuroendocrine differentiation cannot be proved to be present in all these cases.
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PMID:Neurone specific enolase immunostaining in the diagnosis of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. Its usefulness and limitations. 300 12

By the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, the authors studied 7 malignant choroidal melanomas, 7 conjunctival nevi and 1 malignant conjunctival melanoma with the aim to detect the presence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), gastrin, estradiol and testosterone. Positive staining reaction for VIP, estradiol and testosterone was observed in both malignant melanomas of the choroid and conjunctival nevi. The case of conjunctival melanoma was positive for VIP and ACTH but not for estradiol and gastrin.
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PMID:Steroids and neuroendocrine hormones detected by the immunoperoxidase technique from malignant melanomas and nevi of the choroid and conjunctiva. 301 Feb 9

Immunoreactivity for endocrine peptides (serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, corticotropin, calcitonin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and bombesin), cytoskeletal proteins (high and low molecular weight keratins), and tumor differentiation markers (chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen, S100 protein, and Grimelius stain) was sought on nine cervical and one vaginal poorly differentiated small-cell carcinoids. Dense-core secretory granules were ultrastructurally identified in all cases (seven of ten) in which tissue was available for electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity for endocrine secretory products was rarely noted, and only in a minority cell population (serotonin in two of ten). The majority of the tumors exhibited immunoreactivity for low molecular weight keratin (AE1/AE3 in eight of ten; CAM 5.2 in seven of nine), and three of ten tumors focally expressed high molecular weight keratin. Among the markers of neuroendocrine differentiation, neurospecific enolase was more frequently expressed (ten of ten) than chromogranin (five of ten) or argyrophilia (three of ten). Carcinoembryonic antigen was present in eight of ten tumors. S100 protein was absent in all cases. In summary, poorly differentiated small-cell carcinoids of the lower female genital tract, similarly to other small-cell endocrine tumors, occasionally exhibit focal glandular and squamoid differentiation, and only relatively infrequently or focally express immunohistochemically detectable endocrine secretory products, chromogranin, and argyrophilia.
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PMID:Endocrine and tumor differentiation markers in poorly differentiated small-cell carcinoids of the cervix and vagina. 302 70

An extensive array of nerve fibers ramify around the afferent blood vessels of the liver and the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary pathways, and are thought to be involved in regulation of blood flow. Although the role of sympathetic innervation is established, little is known about the location or role of regulatory peptidergic innervation in the liver. We examined the anatomic distribution of a wide variety of regulatory peptides and several neural antigens by in situ immunohistochemistry in the rat and in man. A rich peptidergic plexus of nerve fibers and ganglion cells was observed around the arterial vessels in both species, with intense immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilaments, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was seen principally in large nerve bundles, suggesting that the majority of nerves in this area were unmyelinated. In contrast, the portal vessels revealed very little peptidergic innervation. No staining was observed with antibodies directed against insulin, glucagon, gastrin, serotonin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, cholecystokinin, or growth hormone. These findings indicate the presence of a rich, although selective, peptidergic plexus surrounding afferent hepatic blood vessels. This plexus may play an important role in regulation of hepatic blood flow.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine innervation of the hepatic vessels in the rat and in man. 318 22

A 65-year-old woman presenting with back pain, difficulties in walking and watery diarrhea. A right adrenal tumor and high excretion of catecholamines were found. Laboratory examinations showed raised levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin and calcitonin. Histology showed a combined pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma. The neoplastic cell population was immunohistochemically shown to contain tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, met-enkephalin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Postoperatively, the patient recovered fully and the hormone levels returned to normal.
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PMID:Adrenal pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma producing catecholamines and various neuropeptides. 318 92

A review of neuroendocrine features in breast carcinomas is presented and markers for neuroendocrine cells are discussed. Immunostaining for neuron specific enolase is the best screening marker for neuroendocrine cells in breast carcinomas, but immunoreactivity for hormones is not present in all neuron specific enolase (NSE) positive cases. Normal myoepithelial cells are also NSE positive. Thirty per cent of breast carcinomas are NSE positive. Biochemical demonstration of ACTH, PTH and calcitonin, and immunohistochemical demonstration of ACTH, bombesin, serotonin, prolactin, gastrin, VIP, leu-enkephalin, pancreatic polypeptide, beta-endorphin and sub P has been reported in breast carcinomas. Neuroendocrine cells have not been convincingly demonstrated in the normal breast or in benign breast lesions.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in breast lesions. 329 Aug 69

Recent data on the immunolocalization of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptides are the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, alpha-MSH and CLIP (corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenaline-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.
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PMID:Endocrine cells producing regulatory peptides. 329 70


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