Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) belong, together with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase (AC)-activating polypeptide, to a family of peptides (the VIP-secretin-glucagon family), which also includes growth hormone-releasing hormone and exendins. All the members of this peptide family possess a remarkable amino-acid sequence homology, and bind to G-protein-coupled receptors, whose signaling mechanism primarily involves AC/protein kinase A and phospholipase C/protein kinase C cascades. VIP and pituitary AC-activating polypeptide play a role in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and in this review we survey findings that also other members of the VIP-secretin-glucagon family may have the same function. Secretin and secretin receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and secretin inhibits adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release. No evidence is available for the presence of secretin receptors in adrenal glands, but secretin selectively depresses the glucocorticoid response to ACTH of dispersed zona fasciculata-reticularis (ZF/R) cells. Glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 are contained in the hypothalamus, and all the components of the HPA axis are provided with glucagon and glucagons-like-1 receptors. These peptides exert a short-term inhibitory effect on stress-induced pituitary ACTH release and depress the ZF/R cell response to ACTH by inhibiting the AC/protein kinase A cascade; they also stimulate hypothalamic arginine-vasopressin release. GIP receptors are present in the ZF/R of the normal adrenals, and are particularly abundant in some types of adrenocortical adenomas and hyperplasias. GIP, through the activation of the AC/protein kinase A cascade, evokes a sizeable glucocorticoid secretagogue effect, leading to the identification of a food/GIP-dependent Cushing's syndrome. PTH and PTH-related protein are expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and PTH and PTH-related protein receptors in all the components of the HPA axis. Both peptides enhance ACTH and arginine-vasopressin release, as well as stimulate aldosterone and glucocorticoid secretion of dispersed zona glomerulosa and ZF/R cells, respectively. The involvement of growth hormone-releasing hormone and exendins in the functional regulation of the HPA axis has not yet been extensively investigated.
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PMID:Secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, parathyroid hormone, and related peptides in the regulation of the hypothalamus- pituitary-adrenal axis. 1076 61

Receptor targeting with radiolabeled peptides has become very important in nuclear oncology in the past few years. The most frequently used peptides in the clinic are analogs of somatostatin (SRIF), e.g. OctreoScan, which contain chelators for the radioisotopes 111In, 86Y, 90Y, 67Ga, 68Ga and 64Cu or for 99mTc and 188Re. and were labelled with the halogens 123I and 18F. Radiolabeled analogs of &alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (&alpha-MSH), neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), bombesin (BN), substance P (SP) and gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK) are also being developed, evaluated in vitro and in vivo and tested for clinical application. This review focuses on the expression in tumors and the regulation of receptors for these neuropeptides as well as the development of novel chelator-peptide conjugates suitable for in vivo scintigraphy or internal radiotherapy. The state of the art of radiopeptide pharmaceuticals is illustrated with four SRIF analogs, modified with the macrocyclic chelator 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA): [D-Phe1]-octreotide (DOTAOC), [D-Phe1, Tyr3]-octreotide (DOTATOC), vapreotide (DOTAVAP) and lanreotide (DOTALAN). DOTA is almost a universal chelator capable of strongly encapsulating hard metals such as 111In and 67Ga for Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPET), 68Ga, 86Y and 64Cu for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) as well as 90Y for receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy and radiolanthanides which exhibit different interesting decay schemes. From biodistribution studies in experimental animals and from clinical data it is concluded that DOTATOC is currently the most suitable SRIF radiopeptide with the best potential in the clinic.
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PMID:Receptor targeting for tumor localisation and therapy with radiopeptides. 1091 Oct 25

The thyrnus provides an optimal cellular and humoral microenvironment for the development of immunocompetent T lymphocytes. Although yolk sac derived pre-T, committed hematopoietic stem cells enter the thymus using a homing receptor, the immigration process also requires secretion of a peptide, called thymotaxin by the cells of the reticulo-epithelial (RE) network of the thymic cellular microenvironment. The thymic RE cells are functionally specialized based on their location within the thymic microenvironment. Thus, although subcapsular, cortical, and medullary RE cells are derived from a common, endodermal in origin epithelial precursor cell, their unique location within the gland causes their specialization in terms of their immunophenotypical and in situ physiological properties. The subcapsular, endocrine, RE cell layer (giant or nurse cells) is comprised of cells filled with PAS positive granules, which also express A2B5/TE4 cell surface antigens and MHC Class I (HLA A, B, C) molecules. In contrast to the medullary RE cells, these subcapsular nurse cells also produce thymosins beta 3 and beta 4. The thymic nurse cells (TNCs) display a neuroendocrine cell specific immunophenotype (IP): Thy-1+, A2B5+, TT+, TE4+, UJ13/A+, UJ127.11+, UJ167.11+, UJ181.4+, and presence of common leukocyte antigen (CLA+). Medullar RE cells display MHC Class II (HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA- DR) molecule restriction. These cells also contain transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta type II receptors and are involved in the positive selection of T cells. Transmission electronmicroscopic (TEM) observations have defined four, functional subtypes of medullary RE cells: undifferentiated squamous, villous and cystic. All subtypes were connected with desmosomes. The secreted thy nic hormones, thymulin, thymosin-alpha 1 and thymopoietin (its short form, thymopentin or TP5) were detected immunocytochemically to be produced by RE cells. Thymic RE cells also produce numerous cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, G-CSF, M-CSF, and GM-CSF molecules that likely are important in various stages of thymocyte activation and differentiation. The co-existence of pituitary hormone and neuropeptide secretion [growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), somatostatin, oxytocin (OT), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), nerve growth factor (NGF), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pro-enkephalin (pro-enk), and beta-endorphin (beta-end)], as well as production of a number of interleukins and growth factors and expression of receptors for all, by RE cells is an unique molecular biological phenomenon. The thymic RE cell network is most probably comprised of cells organized into sub-networks--functional units composed of RE cells with differing hormone production/hormone receptor expression profiles, involved in the various stages of T lymphocyte maturation. Furthermore, it is quite possible that even on the level of individual RE cells, the numerous projections associated with a single cell, which engulf developing lymphocytes, nurturing and guiding them in their maturation, may differ in their hormone production and/or hormone receptor expression profile, thus allowing a single cell to be involved in distinct, separate steps of the T cell maturation process. Based on our systematic observations of the thymus in humans and other mammalian species, we suggest that the thymic RE cells represent an extremely important cellular and humoral network within the thymic microenvironment and are involved in the homeopathic regulation mechanisms of the multicellular organism, in addition to the presentation of various antigens to developing lymphocytes, and providing growth regulatory signals which may range from stimulatory to apoptotic signaling within the thymus. (ABSTRACT TRUNCA
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PMID:The role of the reticulo-epithelial (RE) cell network in the immuno-neuroendocrine regulation of intrathymic lymphopoiesis. 1092 21

The gut of silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) was investigated in order to describe both the cholinergic and adrenergic intramural innervations, and the localization of possible accessory neuromediators. Histochemical reactions for the demonstration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form-(NADPH-)diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) were performed, as well as the immunohistochemical testing of tyrosine hydroxylase, met-enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), serotonin, cholineacetyl transferase. The results evidenced a different pattern in comparison with other vertebrates, namely mammals, and with other fish. Both NADPH-diaphorase and AChEase activities were histochemically detected all along the gut in the myenteric plexus, the inner musculature and the propria-submucosa. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in the intestinal tract only, both in the myenteric plexus and in the inner musculature. Several neuropeptides (metenkephalin, CGRP, bombesin, substance P, VIP, NPY, somatostatin) were, in addition, detected in the intramural innervation; some of them also in epithelial cells of the diffuse endocrine system (met-enkephalin, substance P, NPY, somatostatin). Serotonin was only present in endocrine cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was present in localizations similar to those of NADPH-diaphorase-reactivity, and in the same nerve bundles in which substance P- and CGRP-like-immunoreactivities were detectable in the intestinal tract. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons showed an anatomical relationship with AChEase-reactive nerve terminals, and a similar relationship existed between the latter and substance P-like immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and putative neuromodulators in the gut of Anguilla anguilla (L.). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems. 1109 1

Numerous reports indicate that peptides isolated from the brain such as beta-endorphin (beta-END), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), modulate secretion of gonadotropins and prolactin. The objective of the present experiment was to determine concentrations of NPY, GAL, beta-END, VIP and GnRH in the preoptic area (POA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and pituitary stalk-median eminence (SME) during the estrous cycle in the pig. Gilts were slaughtered on Days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of the estrous cycle. Blood samples for analyses of progesterone were taken before slaughter. Neuropeptide concentrations in brain tissues were determined using RIA. The highest concentrations of all determined peptides occurred in SME. GnRH concentration in MBH was lower (p<0.05) in POA and SME on Day 20 than on Day 5. NPY concentration in POA was 5-6 times greater (p<0.05) on Days 10 and 20 than on Day 5. Similarly, concentrations of VIP in POA were greater (p<0.05) on Day 10, Day 15 and Day 20 than on Day 5. The concentration of GAL in POA was higher on Days 10 and 15 (p<0.05) than on Days 5 and 20. The concentration of GAL in SME was lowest on Day 5 and then significantly increased on Days 10, 15 and 20. In SME, concentration of beta-END increased 10 times on Days 15 and 20 when compared to Day 5 of the cycle. The correlation between concentration of GAL in the POA and MBH and progesterone concentration in the peripheral blood was positive, whereas this correlation associated with the SME was negative. These results indicate that considerable changes in various neuropeptide concentrations in different areas of the porcine hypothalamus are associated with stage of the estrous cycle and that GAL may be involved in control of the preovulatory LH surge in pigs.
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PMID:Concentration of neuropeptide Y, galanin, &bgr;-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus of gilts during the estrous cycle. 1145 5

The acid-producing part of the stomach is rich in peptide-hormone-producing endocrine/paracrine cells of different types. In birds and all mammals studied, ECL cells constitute the quantitatively predominant endocrine cell population in this location. They produce histamine and an as yet unidentified peptide hormone. The paracrine action of the ECL cells is to provide histamine to mediate the stimulating effect of gastrin on the acid-secreting parietal cells: the gastrin-ECL cell-parietal cell axis. Secretion of histamine from the ECL cells was studied in intact conscious rats subjected to gastric submucosal microdialysis and using isolated cells in primary culture. The microdialysis experiments revealed that ECL-cell histamine can be mobilized by the local infusion of gastrin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide YY (PYY), met-enkephalin, endothelin and noradrenaline/adrenaline. While gastrin and met-enkephalin induced a sustained elevation of the submucosal histamine concentration, endothelin, PYY, PACAP, VIP, and noradrenaline/adrenaline induced a transient elevation. Somatostatin, galanin and the prostanoid, misoprostol, inhibited gastrin-stimulated histamine mobilization. Studies of isolated ECL cells (80-90% purity) showed gastrin, PACAP and VIP to stimulate histamine secretion and somatostatin, galanin and misoprostol to inhibit gastrin-stimulated secretion. At present, it seems unlikely that metenkephalin, endothelin, adrenaline and PYY act directly on the ECL cells in situ since the effects could not be reproduced with isolated ECL cells. Clearly, the ECL cells operate under the multifactorial control of circulating hormones, local hormones, catecholamines, neuropeptides and inflammatory mediators.
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PMID:Control of secretion from rat stomach ECL cells in situ and in primary culture. 1171 81

Objective. To study the relationship between personality type and variation of plasma peptides in pilots with neurosis. Method. A case-control study was used. 124 male pilots were evaluated with Eysenck's personality checklist, and then level of certain plasma peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and angiotensin-II (A-II) were determined. Result. There were significant difference in personality characteristics and personality types between pilots with neuroses and the control. The contents of VIP and beta-EP in plasma showed visible difference between disease group and control. Content of beta-EP in those with inner-unstable type personality was lowest among all the various types. Conclusion. Personality characteristics were different between pilots with neurosis and controls. Levels of VIP and beta-EP in disease group were lower than those in the control. Different personality types had different levels of beta-EP in pilots with neurosis.
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PMID:[A control study of personality characteristics and variation of plasma peptide in pilots with neurosis]. 1188 97

Immunohistochemical and pathological studies were carried out on the digestive tract of parasitized and uninfected specimens of Salmo trutta (L.). A total of 124 brown trout were collected on several occasions from 3 tributaries of the Brenta River, northern Italy. Twenty-eight individuals of S. trutta (22.6%) were parasitized with Pomphorhynchus laevis (Miller, 1776). The occurrence of P. laevis in the trout gut significantly increased the number of endocrine cells immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Substance P (SP) antisera. Moreover, bombesin-, cholecistokinin-8- (CCK-8), leu-enkephalin- and serotonin- (5-HT)-like immunoreactive cells were less numerous in the intestine of the parasitized brown trout. A strong positive immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibres and neurones of the myenteric plexus of the parasitized fish; the antisera involved in this positive reactivity were bombesin, met-enkephalin, SP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). More neurones immunoreactive to anti-CGRP and anti-5-HT sera were noted in the myenteric plexus and in the inner layer of the tunica muscularis of the infected fish. Most of the above-mentioned neuromodulators are known to control gut motility, digestive/absorptive processes, as well as the immune response. The changes induced by parasites in the neuroendocrine system of the brown trout are discussed.
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PMID:Effect of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) on putative neuromodulators in the intestine of naturally infected Salmo trutta. 1224 Sep 68

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play pivotal roles in regulating the function and plasticity of neuronal circuits in the nervous system. Among the myriad of GPCRs expressed in neural cells, class II GPCRs which couples predominantly to the Gs-adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling pathway, have recently received considerable attention for their involvement in regulating neuronal survival. Neuropeptides that activate class II GPCRs include secretin, glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and GLP-2), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin-related peptides. Studies of patients and animal and cell culture models, have revealed possible roles for class II GPCRs signaling in the pathogenesis of several prominent neurodegenerative conditions including stroke, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Many of the peptides that activate class II GPCRs promote neuron survival by increasing the resistance of the cells to oxidative, metabolic, and excitotoxic injury. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which class II GPCRs signaling modulates neuronal survival and plasticity will likely lead to novel therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders.
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PMID:Class II G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands in neuronal function and protection. 1605 36

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells control the immune response to a variety of antigens, including self-antigens, and several models support the idea of the peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Although hormones such as estrogen and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone have been recently reported to expand the CD4+CD25+ Foxp3-expressing Treg cell compartment, little is known about the endogenous factors and mechanisms controlling the peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. In this study, we report on the capacity of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an immunosuppressive neuropeptide, to induce functional Treg cells in vivo. The administration of VIP together with specific antigen to T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (Tg) mice results in the expansion of the CD4+CD25+, Foxp-3/neuropilin 1-expressing T cells, which inhibit responder T cell proliferation through direct cellular contact. In addition to the increase in the number of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, VIP induces more efficient suppressors on a per-cell basis. The VIP-generated CD4+CD25+ Treg cells transfer suppression, inhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity in TCR-Tg hosts, and prevent graft-versus-host disease in irradiated hosts reconstituted with allogeneic bone marrow.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide generates CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo. 1620 28


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