Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calmodulin exhibits high-affinity, calcium-dependent binding of 1 mol/mol of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), secretin, and either the 42- or 43-residue gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) with dissociation constants of 0.05-0.14 microM. The affinity of VIP for calmodulin approaches its affinity for the cell-surface VIP receptors. These peptides compete with both smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase and glucagon in calmodulin binding. Calculation of amino acid frequencies for eight calmodulin binding peptides (VIP, GIP, secretin, ACTH, beta-endorphin, substance P, glucagon, and dynorphin [Malencik, D. A., & Anderson, S. R. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 3480]) shows a below-average incidence of glutamyl residues, above-average incidence of glutaminyl residues, and average incidence of both aspartyl and asparaginyl residues. Predictions of structure from sequence suggest that the bound peptides contain strongly basic turns and coils in close association with regions having above-average beta-sheet potential. The temperature dependence of glucagon binding by calmodulin shows that the association is enthalpy driven.
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PMID:Binding of hormones and neuropeptides by calmodulin. 618 15

Four peptides--vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin and a peptide-like avian pancreatic polypeptide--have been found in nerves of the human male genitalia using highly sensitive and specific methods of immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Five other peptides (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, bombesin and cholecystokinin-8) were absent. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was the most abundant peptide, its highest concentration being in the proximal corpus cavernosum. Immunoelectron microscopy localized this peptide to large (97 +/- 20 nm), round, electron-dense granules of p-type nerve terminals. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the prostate gland and the root of the corpus cavernosum. Substance P immunoreactive material was present in smaller concentration and was mainly localized in nerves around the corpuscular receptors of the glans penis. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were associated mainly with the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens. When antiserum to avian pancreatic polypeptide was applied, certain nerves were stained, particularly in the vas deferens, the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle. However, chromatography detected no pure avian pancreatic polypeptide suggesting the presence of a structurally related substance, possibly neuropeptide Y, which cross-reacts with the avian pancreatic polypeptide antiserum. Similar distributions between vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves and between avian pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive and adrenergic nerves were observed. A general neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase, was used to investigate the general pattern of the organ's innervation. The abundance and distribution patterns of these peptide-immunoreactive nerves indicate that they may play important roles in the male sexual physiology.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the human male genital tract. 619 58

The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and several other peptides have been examined on cyclic AMP accumulation in intact pieces and isolated horizontal cells of the teleost (carp) retina. VIP was the most effective peptide examined, inducing a dose-related response, and an approximately fivefold increase in cyclic AMP production when used at a concentration of 10 microM. Porcine histidine isoleucine-containing peptide and secretin, peptides structurally related to VIP, also stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation, but at concentrations of 10 microM induced responses which were only approximately 40% and 10%, respectively, of the response observed with 10 microM VIP. In contrast, several other peptides, including glucagon, neurotensin, somatostatin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, cholecystokinin octapeptide26-33, gastrin-releasing peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and VIP10-28 were totally inactive. The response to 10 microM VIP was not antagonized by several dopamine antagonists, indicating the presence of a population of specific VIP receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, distinct from the population of dopamine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase also known to be present in this tissue. Finally, experiments involving the use of fractions of isolated horizontal cells indicate that these neurons possess a population of VIP receptors coupled to cyclic AMP production which would appear to share a common pool of adenylate cyclase with a population of similarly coupled dopamine receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and other peptides on cyclic AMP accumulation in intact pieces and isolated horizontal cells of the teleost retina. 619 61

Using the methods of immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay, five peptides (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P, somatostatin, met-enkephalin, and bombesin) have been found in the gall bladder and the biliary tracts of guinea pig and each of them possesses a characteristic distribution pattern. Networks of nerves containing each peptide were found in the smooth muscle, around blood vessels and, occasionally, in the lamina propria. The distribution of the peptide immunoreactive nerves in the gall bladder and biliary tract is similar to those found in the gut. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (11 +/- 1.5 pmol/g in the sphincters, mean +/- SEM) and substance P (21.5 +/- 1.8 pmol/g in the common bile duct) were found to be the most abundant peptides and a few VIP and substance P immunoreactive neurones were localised in the ganglionated plexus. Bombesin immunoreactive nerves were mainly seen in the sphincter of Oddi, where the mean concentration of extractable bombesin was 14.6 +/- 2 pmol/g. Somatostatin immunoreactive mucosal endocrine cells were identified in the epithelium of the common bile duct and the sphincter. The extractable somatostatin in these regions were 76 +/- 19 pmol/g and 162 +/- 30 pmol/g respectively.
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PMID:Peptide immunoreactive nerves and cells of the guinea pig gall bladder and biliary pathways. 619 57

The effects of beta-endorphin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the body shaking response to ice water immersion were observed in anesthetized rats. Intraventricular injection of beta-endorphin markedly inhibited body shaking, but gamma- and alpha-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin showed only slight or little effect. VIP also suppressed the body shaking. The inhibitory effect of beta-endorphin and VIP was blocked by naloxone. When small doses of beta-endorphin and VIP which could not affect the shaking behavior by themselves were administered simultaneously, significant suppression occurred, indicating potentiation of the effect of beta-endorphin by VIP.
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PMID:Suppressive effect of beta-endorphin on body shaking response to ice water immersion and synergistic action of vasoactive intestinal peptide on beta-endorphin in anesthetized rats. 619 39

An unusual tumor of the skin was removed from the thigh of a 52-year-old white male. By light microscopy, the tumor was composed of intermediate and small cells in sheets and clusters. Ultrastructural study of the tumor cells showed numerous dense core granules and dendritic cell processes as well as intermediate filaments and cell junctions frequently within the same cells. Most of the tumor cells were stained intensely by antibodies to neurone-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of cells of the central and peripheral nervous system. The neuropeptides met-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were also found in tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry furthermore demonstrated cytokeratin. Both the ultrastructural appearance and keratin content of this tumor set it apart from conventional Merkel cell (or trabecular) carcinoma of the skin in a manner analogous to bipartite (i.e., epidermoid and small cell) carcinoma of lung. The production of neuropeptides simultaneously with the production of keratin establishes this as a bipartite skin tumor (i.e., ectodermal and neuroectodermal phenotype). We suggest that at least some primary neuroendocrine tumors of the skin arise from multipotential ectodermal cells not of neural crest origin, as has been proposed for small cell carcinoma of lung.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma of skin with simultaneous cytokeratin expression. 620 92

Enteroendocrine cells containing glucagon-, substance P-, neurotensin- and VIP-like substances have been demonstrated immunocytochemically in the gut of Barbus conchonius. Mainly based on the distribution of the immunoreactive endocrine cells in this and a previous study, at least eight different enteroendocrine cell types appear to be present in this stomachless fish: C-terminal-gastrin-immunoreactive cells, predominantly present in the upper parts of the folds of the proximal part of the intestinal bulb. Metenkephalin-immunoreactive cells, basally located in the folds of the first segment. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells, mainly present in the first half of the first segment. Glucagon-like-immunoreactive (GLI) cells that are basally located in the folds of the first segment and that contain a different polypeptide (possibly glicentin) than pancreatic glucagon cells. Substance P-immunoreactive cells, present in the upper parts of the folds throughout the gut. C-terminal-neurotensin-immunoreactive cells, basally located in the folds throughout the first segment. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive cells, present in small numbers in the proximal part of the intestinal bulb. Nonspecifically-immunoreactive cells, found throughout the intestinal bulb. Many VIP-immunoreactive nerves have been demonstrated in the smooth muscle layer and myenteric plexus of the gut; furthermore some of them are peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI)-immunoreactive. Substance P-, somatostatin-, neurotensin- and met-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves are also found. Thus, at least partial sequences of four different mammalian neuropeptide hormones (VIP, substance P, neurotensin, met-enkephalin) occur both in endocrine cells and enteric nerves of the gut of B. conchonius.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of (neuro)peptide hormones in endocrine cells and nerves of the gut of a stomachless teleost fish, Barbus conchonius (Cyprinidae). 620 50

The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the release of prolactin (PRL), gonadotropins (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH) and corticotropin (ACTH) was studied using purified rat anterior pituitary cells obtained by means of velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. VIP, at concentrations ranging from 10(-10) to 10(-7) M, stimulated PRL secretion in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50 of 2 nM and a maximal response of 530% of control values. In contrast, similar concentrations of VIP did not affect the release of either LH, FSH, GH or ACTH from the corresponding enriched cell populations. Addition of dexamethasone (10(-9) M) to both preincubation and incubation medium of PRL cells completely inhibited VIP-induced PRL release. The present results further support the hypothesis that VIP is of physiological importance in the control of PRL secretion and demonstrate that corticosteroids can modify the responsiveness of PRL cells to VIP.
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PMID:Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the release of adenohypophyseal hormones from purified cells obtained by unit gravity sedimentation. Inhibition by dexamethasone of vip-induced prolactin release. 742 69

The aim of this study was to investigate the neurochemical coding of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric corpus by using immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies and antisera against calbindin (CALB), calretinin (CALRET), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), beta-endorphin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), parvalbumin (PARV), serotonin (5-HT), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were used. Double- and triple-labeling studies revealed colocalization of certain transmitters and enabled the identification of distinct subpopulations of gastric enteric neurons. NPY/VIP/NOS/ENK were present in 28% of all neurons, whereas 11% had NPY/VIP/DBH/ChAT; NOS-only neurons made up 2% of the population. The combination SP/ChAT/ENK occurred in 21% of the population, whereas SP/ChAT/ENK/CALRET and SP/CHAT/SOM/ +/- CALRET was identified in 5% and 6% of all cells, respectively. 5-HT-containing neurons comprised 2% of all cells and could be further classified by the presence of additional antigens as 5-HT/SP/(ChAT) or 5-HT/VIP/(ChAT). Approximately 21% of all neurons contained only ChAT with no additional antigen present and are referred to as ChAT/-. Gastric myenteric ganglion cells were not immunoreactive for CALB, PARV, CGRP, or TH. The results of this study indicate that gastric myenteric neurons can be characterized on the basis of different chemical coding. Neurochemical coding of corpus myenteric neurons revealed some similarities and significant differences in comparison with other regions of the gut. These differences might reflect adaptation of enteric nerves according to regional specialization and the distinct functions of the proximal stomach as a gastric reservoir.
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PMID:Neurochemical coding of enteric neurons in the guinea pig stomach. 753 52

Immunohistochemical methods were used to study the developing peptidergic innervation of the human fetal prostate gland in a series of specimens ranging in gestational age from 13 to 30 wk. The overall innervation of each specimen was visualised using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), a general nerve marker. The onset and development of specific neuropeptide-containing subpopulations were investigated using antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin (BOM), somatostatin (SOM), leu-enkephalin (l-ENK) and met-enkephalin (m-ENK). In addition the occurrence and distribution of presumptive noradrenergic nerves was studied using antisera to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). At 13 wk numerous branching PGP-immunoreactive (-IR) nerves were observed in the capsule of the developing prostate gland and surrounding the preprostatic urethra but the remainder of the gland was devoid of nerves. The majority of nerves in the capsule contained D beta H and TH and were presumed to be noradrenergic in type while other nerves (in decreasing numbers) contained NPY, l-ENK, SP and CGRP. Nerves associated with the preprostatic urethra did not contain any of the neuropeptides under investigation. At 17 wk the density of nerves in the capsule had increased and occasional m-ENK-, VIP- and BOM-IR nerve fibres were also observed. In addition PGP, D beta H-, TH-, NPY- and l-ENK-IR nerves occurred in association with smooth muscle bundles which at 17 wk were present in the outer part of the gland. Occasional PGP-IR nerves were also present at the base of the epithelium forming some of the prostatic glands. At 23 wk some of the subepithelial nerves showed immunoreactivity for NPY, VIP or l-ENK. At 26 wk smooth muscle bundles occurred throughout the gland and were richly innervated by PGP, D beta H and TH-IR nerves while a less dense plexus was formed by NPY- and l-ENK-IR nerves together with a few m-ENK-IR nerves. Occasional smooth muscle-associated varicose nerve fibres showed immunoreactivity for SP, CGRP, VIP or BOM although the majority of these types of nerve formed perivascular plexuses. Also at 26 wk numerous varicose nerve fibres were observed in association with the prostatic acini, the majority of such nerves containing NPY with a few showing immunoreactivity to VIP, l-ENK, SP or CGRP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Development of peptide-containing nerves in the human fetal prostate gland. 759 78


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