Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Differential expression of glycosyltransferases has the potential to generate functionally distinct glycoforms of otherwise identical proteins. We have previously demonstrated the presence of unique oligosaccharides terminating with GalNAc-4-SO4 on the pituitary glycoproteins lutropin (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). A glycoprotein hormone:GalNAc-transferase and a GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase are present in the pituitary and can account for the synthesis of these unique oligosaccharides on specific glycoproteins. Both transferases are coordinately expressed in a number of tissues in addition to pituitary, including submaxillary gland, lacrimal gland, and kidney, suggesting that additional glycoproteins bearing oligosaccharides terminating with GalNAc-4-SO4 are synthesized in these tissues. In this study we show that while the glycoprotein hormone:GalNAc-transferase and the GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase are coordinately expressed in bovine submaxillary gland, the GalNAc-transferase is expressed in the parotid gland in the absence of the GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase. The relative expression of these two transferases in submaxillary and parotid glands correlates with the presence of unique Asn-linked oligosaccharides on carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) synthesized in each of these tissues. The majority of Asn-linked oligosaccharides on CA VI synthesized in submaxillary gland terminate with GalNAc-4-SO4. In contrast, CA VI which is synthesized in bovine parotid gland bears oligosaccharides which terminate predominantly with beta 1,4-linked GalNAc which is not sulfated. The presence of different terminal residues on the Asn-linked oligosaccharides of submaxillary and parotid CA VI thus correlates with the complement of transferases in these glands and suggests differing biological roles for submaxillary and parotid CA VI.
 ...
PMID:Differential expression of GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase and GalNAc-transferase results in distinct glycoforms of carbonic anhydrase VI in parotid and submaxillary glands. 789 Jul 28

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis function was assessed in depressed subjects 1 and 8 days after hospital admission, and after the administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone. Plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured by ultrasensitive assays in 16 patients with minor depression, 15 patients with simple major depression, and 13 patients with melancholia. The postdexamethasone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (intact 1-39 molecule) and cortisol values were determined. Basal TSH values were significantly lower in melancholic patients than in patients with minor and simple major depression on the day after admission and 1 week later. Basal TSH values determined 1 week after admission were significantly and negatively related to FT4 values and severity of depression. There were no significant differences in basal TSH, FT3, and FT4 values obtained on day 1 and day 8 after hospital admission. Dexamethasone administration had a significant suppressant effect on basal TSH and FT3 values. Patients who failed to suppress cortisol after the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) exhibited significantly less suppression of basal TSH values than did DST cortisol suppressors.
 ...
PMID:A further investigation of basal HPT axis function in unipolar depression: effects of diagnosis, hospitalization, and dexamethasone administration. 802 53

We report a young female case of alcoholic liver injury accompanied with various metabolic and endocrinological disorders. A 29 year-old woman was admitted because of general fatigue and hyperlipidemia. She was a heavy drinker. Laboratory data on admission revealed liver dysfunction and hyperlipidemia (type II b) with a quite high serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma GTP) level. The microscopic finding of the liver biopsy specimen showed fatty metamorphosis and ballooning of hepatocytes, and she was diagnosed as heavy alcoholic liver injury. The endocrinological examination revealed the elevated plasma cortisol level, though the urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) excretion and the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level were reduced. Cortisol secretion showed the normal circadian rhythm and the normal response to ACTH provocation. The levels of plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were also reduced. These endocrinological and metabolic disorders were normalized in company with recovery of the liver function by temperance, diet therapy and nutritional education. Thus, these abnormalities were considered to be resulted from the alcoholic liver injury and the effect of the ethanol to the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
 ...
PMID:[Alcoholic liver injury accompanied with various metabolic and endocrinological disorders--a case report]. 822 58

The first appearance of adenohypophysial cells in the developing rainbow trout embryo was studied by immunocytochemistry. Antibodies generated against the beta subunits of coho salmon gonadotropins (GTH I and GTH II), the beta subunit of human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), chum salmon prolactin (PRL), chum salmon growth hormone (GH), and synthetic alpha-MSH were used as immunocytochemical probes. The pituitary anlage was first recognized at developmental stage 21 (18 days postfertilization). At this stage, immunoreactive (ir) PRL and alpha-MSH cells were identified in the rostral and caudal regions of the pituitary, respectively. Cells containing ir-GH and ir-adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) appeared at stage 28 (35 days postfertilization). At the last stage before hatching (stage 29, 42 days postfertilization) ir-TSH cells were identified. Ir-GTH I cells were first observed in the pituitary at stage 32 (15 days after hatching), when mitosis of gonadal germ cells also was observed. At stage 35 (35 days after hatching), meiotic figures were first observed in a few germ cells of some fish indicating that gonadal sex differentiation probably begins at about this time. Cells containing ir-GTH II were not apparent in the pituitary at any stage of embryonic or larval development (up to stage 35) and were not present in pituitaries of trout at 6 months of age when the ovaries were in the perinucleolus stage and when only spermatogonia, but no spermatocytes were present in the testis. These observations suggest that GTH I, but not GTH II, may regulate initial gonadal growth and development in the embryonic and larval rainbow trout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Salmonid pituitary gonadotrophs. III. Chronological appearance of GTH I and other adenohypophysial hormones in the pituitary of the developing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus). 828 73

Proliferative activity of the anterior pituitary gland in 10 week-old male and female rats under normal conditions was investigated by counting mitotic figures and using single and double immunostaining of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and six pituitary hormones. To determine which proliferative changes depend on the estrous cycle and circadian changes, respectively, six groups of female and two groups of male rats were studied at various times of day. Additionally, BrdU-incorporated cells were further classified by the six types of hormones they contained, or as immunonegative cells. Cell proliferative activity in the females fluctuated drastically with the highest activity in estrus and the lowest in diestrus. In the males, proliferative activity was at a relatively low level, and was similar to that in females in proestrus or early estrus, with the greater activity at night. Identified by their pituitary hormones, the distribution of the proliferating cells was almost the same in each sex, with prolactin (PRL) cells accounting for the highest proportion, followed by growth hormone (GH) cells, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) cells. These percentages agreed well with previously reported levels of cell types among all pituitary cells of the rat. It is therefore suggested that the life span and cycle of rat pituitary cells does not differ among cell types. In another test, male and female rats were given BrdU continuously via an osmotic pump for 8 days to compare cell proliferative activity between sexes, exclusive of the influence of estrous cycle and circadian changes. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that the cumulative incorporation of BrdU in females was consistently twice as high as in males over a constant period of time, and to conclude that cell renewal occurs at a doubled rate in the pituitary of female rat.
 ...
PMID:Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: influences of sex, estrous cycle, and circadian change. 841 18

Pituitary adenomas that are characterized by the absence of a particular clinical syndrome and the absence of excessive hormone secretion have been classified as nonfunctioning adenomas. Recent development of immunohistochemical analysis and hormonal assay have suggested that many of these tumors have function to secret the gonadotropin subunits. A novel procedure biotin amplification in immunohistochemistry, catalyzed signal amplification (CSA) has been reported recently. In this study, the authors applied this new method to tissues from 50 cases of clinically nonfunctioning adenomas. These cases had no evidence of endocrinological signs by hormone secretion. When the CSA system was applied in normal pituitary gland, each of subunits was positive even when the antibody was diluted 1:1,000,000, which is 1,000 folds of standard indirect immunoperoxidase method. Immunohistochemical staining by indirect immunohistochemical method revealed that all 50 adenomas were negative for all the anterior hormones, including growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-subunit of luteinizing hormone (LH beta), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH beta), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH beta), and a-subunit of glycoprotein (alpha SU). Using avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method, two cases were positive for FSH beta and four cases were positive for alpha SU, respectively, and the immunopositivities were observed weakly in scattered cells. By CSA system, 26 cases of 50 nonfunctioning adenoma were positive for FSH beta, 16 cases were positive for LH beta, and 29 cases were positive for alpha SU, respectively. The immunoreactivities were clearly observed in cytoplasm of many adenoma cells. This amplification procedure provides a means of greatly increasing the sensitivity of the immunohistochemistry including subunits of glycoproteins that are difficult to detect by previous indirect immunoperoxidase method or ABC method. This amplification procedure provides a great increase in the sensitivity of the immunohistochemistry for the detection of gonadotropin subunits and suggest that significant proportion of the nonfunctioning adenomas are gonadotropin subunit producing adenomas.
 ...
PMID:Application of catalyzed signal amplification in immunodetection of gonadotropin subunits in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. 870 26

Smoking exerts influences on the secretion of several hormones which are abnormal in obesity. Previous studies have mainly been performed in non-obese men, and data from non-obese and obese women are scarce. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify the effect of smoking on hormone secretions in obese and lean female smokers. The study was performed in 10 obese and 8 lean, premenopausal, healthy smokers. All subjects were tested once under experimental and once under control conditions (not smoking) in randomized order. The women smoked two non-filtered cigarettes during 4 minutes each. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured 30 minutes before smoking, at the start of smoking (time 0) and then after 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at the same time points except at 5 minutes. Heart rate rose in both groups during smoking. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was increased only in the obese subjects. Cortisol and ACTH increased in both groups, while TSH, PRL and GH were unchanged in both groups. We conclude that lean and obese smoking women seem to respond rather similarly to smoking in the hemodynamic and endocrine variables measured in this report with the possible exception of blood pressure where the obese women tended to show more pronounced increases.
 ...
PMID:Influence of smoking on hormone secretion in obese and lean female smokers. 882 56

We extracted gammaglobulins from the serum of 10 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) to investigate their effect on anterior pituitary hormone secretion using cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells. Three of the 10 patients also had the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA) type III with an isolated failure of anterior pituitary hormone secretion. The gammaglobulin from each of the 3 patients with PGA and an isolated failure of secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or gonadotropin inhibited the secretion of ACTH, TSH or gonadotropin in cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells. The gammaglobulins obtained from the other 7 patients with IDDM also showed an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in vitro. We postulate that some patients with IDDM, especially those with other endocrine autoimmune diseases, may have substances in their gammaglobulin fraction that can affect the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
 ...
PMID:Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. 891 92

The anterior pituitary (AP) gland secretes 6 different hormones. Prolactin (PRL) is secreted at a relatively high level without stimulation by the hypothalamus, while secretion of the others requires the action of stimulatory factors from the hypothalamus. In order to gain an insight into the mechanism underlying the different spontaneous release patterns of these hormones, we investigated their spontaneous release rate after pretreating rat anterior pituitary cells with trypsin. Rat AP cells were cultured on Cytodex microcarrier beads for 4 days and were then superfused with either control medium or medium containing trypsin (0.25%) for 5 min. The subsequent release rates of the AP hormones were monitored. The basal release of PRL was severely reduced to almost undetectable level and began to recover 120 min after the trypsin-pretreatment. Full recovery was attained over the next 100 min and was delayed by treatment with a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (7 microM). In the trypsin-pretreated cells, basal release of PRL and growth hormone (GH) was severely reduced, while that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was enhanced and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was not markedly affected by the treatment, suggesting that the suppression of PRL release was not caused by nonspecific damage to the cells. Since trypsin does not readily enter cells, the altered secretion of AP hormones seems to be the result of restricted digestion of the external components of the cells. On the bases of these observations, we predicted that the mechanism of spontaneous release of hormones involves trypsin sensitive proteins (TSMP) on the plasma membranes of the anterior pituitary cells.
 ...
PMID:Alteration of basal release of anterior pituitary hormones by pretreatment of primary cultured cells with trypsin. 939 66

Pituitary hormone secretion is changed by sleep-awake rhythm, which also regulates by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. The endocrine rhythm is also affected by such factors as aging and environment conditions. Nocturnal secretion of growth hormone is known to be induced by slow-wave sleep. Plasma prolactin levels seem to increase during REM sleep. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels increase during the night. Plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels increase in the early morning and decreased in the night, which are not related to the sleep stage. The sleep-related hormone secretion is not shown in the patients with disordered hypothalamo-pituitary axis. The evaluation of sleep-related changes in pituitary hormone is important to assess the hypothalamo-pituitary function.
 ...
PMID:[Fluctuations of physical function affected by sleep-awake rhythm--endocrine system]. 950 32


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>