Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The topographical distribution of neuropeptide-containing cell bodies, fibers and terminals was studied in human parabrachial nuclei and the pontine tegmentum with immunohistochemical stainings. Brains of seven adult human subjects of 35-72 years were fixed within 2 h post mortem. Serial sections were immunostained by antisera of 14 different neuropeptides--oxytocin, vasopressin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II, calcitonin gene-related peptide, beta-endorphin, dynorphin A, dynorphin B, leucine-enkephalin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, substance P, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and galanin--alternately. All of these peptides were found to be present in nerve fibers and terminals, but only two, angiotensin II and dynorphin B, in cell bodies of the parabrachial nuclei. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-, neuropeptide Y-, cholecystokinin- and galanin-immunoreactive cells were present in other areas of the pontine tegmentum, like the motor trigeminal nucleus, locus coeruleus, periventricular gray matter but not in the parabrachial nuclei. Peptidergic fibers were distributed unevenly throughout the pontine tegmentum having unique, individual distribution patterns. In the parabrachial nuclei, substance P, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and galanin showed the highest density of immunoreactive neuronal networks. Moderate to low concentrations of immunoreactive processes were detected by calcitonin gene-related peptide, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, dynorphin B, thyrotropin releasing hormone, leucine-enkephalin, dynorphin A, angiotensin II, beta-endorphin, vasopressin and oxytocin antisera, respectively. Other pontine tegmental areas, like the locus coeruleus, dorsal tegmental, pontine raphe and motor trigeminal nuclei as well as the central gray of the tegmental region exhibited a varying assortment of neuropeptides with distinct, individual localization patterns. Their detailed topographical distributions are mapped and given in coronal sections.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuropeptides within the pontine tegmentum--particularly the parabrachial nuclei and the locus coeruleus of the human brain. 154 21

Chromaffin granules, the secretory organelles of the neuron-like adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, have previously been shown to store and liberate neurotrophic activities that support in vitro survival of several neuron populations including those innervating the adrenal medulla. Molecules resembling fibroblast growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been identified among these activities. Since chromaffin granules store a variety of neuropeptides and many neuropeptides can have pleiotropic effects on neuronal growth and maintenance we have tested 24 different neuropeptides for their capacities to promote survival of embryonic chick ciliary, dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Peptides tested included several derivatives of proenkephalin (Leu- and met-enkephalin, fragments BAM 22, B, F and E), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, VIP, bombesin, secretin, pancreastatin, dynorphin B, dynorphin 1-13, beta-endorphin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Control cultures received saturating concentrations of ciliary neurotrophic or nerve growth factor (CNTF; NGF), or no trophic supplements. At 1 x 10(-5) M leu- and met-enkephalin as well as somatostatin supported sympathetic neurons to the same extent as NGF. At the same concentrations, leu-enkephalin, the proenkephalin fragments BAM 22 and E, and somatostatin maintained about half of the dorsal root ganglionic neurons supported by NGF, but were not effective on ciliary neurons. VIP promoted the survival of approximately 50% of the ciliary and embryonic day 10 dorsal root ganglionic neurons as compared to saturating amounts of CNTF, but required the presence of non-neuronal cells in the cultures to be effective. Neurotensin (1 x 10(-5) M had a small effect on ciliary neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Screening of adrenal medullary neuropeptides for putative neurotrophic effects. 163 76

To examine the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to severe surgical stress, we measured the immunoreactive plasma levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), corticotropin, cortisol, arginine-vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, interferon gamma (INF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in eight patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) or mediastinal parathyroid carcinoma, all undergoing major surgery with a standardized anesthetic technique. Blood samples were drawn the morning before surgery, every 10 to 30 minutes throughout surgery (average, 308.7 +/- 15 minutes), and every morning for the next 4 postoperative days (POD). During surgery, plasma CRH concentrations were slightly but not significantly elevated compared with those before surgery and with those of the next 4 POD. However, the values were within the normal range (less than 2.2 pmol/L) and showed 8.9 +/- 0.6 pulses (one pulse every 34.7 +/- 1.6 minutes). Plasma corticotropin, on the other hand, was quite elevated, but was also released in a pulsatile fashion during the surgical procedure (one pulse every 36.7 +/- 1.6 minutes). Most of these secretory episodes of corticotropin were temporally related to those of CRH. Corticotropin returned to basal levels on the first POD and remained so for all 4 POD. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased steadily during surgery and remained elevated the first POD. Cortisol showed 6.2 +/- 1.1 pulses during the operative sampling period (one pulse every 71.8 +/- 13 minutes). Plasma AVP concentrations were also markedly elevated during surgery, but individual secretory pulses were not detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pulsatile activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during major surgery. 164 Aug 60

Basal alkaline secretion of the denervated rat ileum was monitored by a pH-stat method. Changes of transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) were also continuously registered. In other experiments net fluid transport was measured with a gravimetric method. The importance of the enteric nervous system for the recorded variables was investigated by giving i.v. hexamethonium, neuropeptide Y (NPY) or methionine-enkephalin or by stimulating electrically the mesenteric nerves surrounding the superior mesenteric artery. Alkaline secretion was inhibited by about 20% by mesenteric nerve stimulation or by neuropeptide Y (NPY) or met-enkephalin i.v. A somewhat greater inhibition (approximately 30%) of transepithelial electrical potential difference was elicited by the mesenteric nerve stimulation and NPY whereas met-enkephalin did not cause any transepithelial electrical potential difference change. Net fluid absorption was markedly diminished (by approximately 65-75%) by met-enkephalin but not by NPY. The cellular mechanisms underlying alkaline secretion were investigated by means of amiloride, SITS and acetazolamide. The basal alkaline secretion and transepithelial electrical potential difference were not influenced by 10(-3)M or 10(-4) SITS. In contrast 10(-3) M amiloride caused a significant increase of alkaline secretion but not of transepithelial electrical potential difference. A 35% reduction in the alkaline secretion but not transepithelial electrical potential difference was observed after acetazolamide had been given intravenously. A similar decrease was observed after giving hexamethonium. We conclude: (1) Enteric nerves are of comparatively small importance in controlling the ileal alkaline secretion recorded during basal conditions; (2) About 35% of the basal ileal alkaline secretion is carbonic anhydrase dependent. This mechanism is not influenced by nicotinic receptor blockade; (3) Under the present experimental conditions there may be an alkaline secretion which is concealed by a simultaneously operating Na+/H+ exchanger and; (4) No consistent quantitative correlation exists between alkaline secretion, transepithelial electrical potential difference and net field transport in the denervated rat ileum.
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PMID:On the mechanisms of the basal alkaline secretion in the rat ileum in vivo. 167 11

By means of double immunolabeling procedures it has been possible to demonstrate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity (IR) in large numbers of various peptidergic neurons of the brain including neurons containing gastrointestinal peptides, opioid peptides, and peptides with a hypothalamic hormone function. For each peptide system, however, marked heterogeneities exist among brain regions. Thus, in the neocortex and the hippocampal formation most of the brain peptide neurons lack GR IR, while the same types of peptide neurons in the arcuate and paraventricular nucleus [e.g. neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF) and the cholecystokinin (CCK) neurons] possess strong GR IR. Furthermore, in the arcuate, parvocellular part of the paraventricular nuclei and the central amygdaloid nucleus practically all the peptidergic neurons are strongly GR IR, while in the lateral hypothalamus, mainly the neurotensin (NT) and galanin (GAL) IR neurons are GR IR. These marked differences among areas probably reflect functional differences dependent upon their participation in stress regulated circuits. All the paraventricular NT, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and SRIF IR neurons appear to contain GR IR, while the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) IR neurons lack GR IR, underlying the importance of glucocorticoids (GC) in controlling endocrine function. Finally, the GC may influence pain and mood control mainly via effects on enkephalin (ENK) neurons especially in the basal ganglia (mood) and on all beta-endorphin (beta-END) neurons of the arcuate nucleus, while most of the dynorphin neurons are not directly controlled by GC.
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PMID:Central peptidergic neurons as targets for glucocorticoid action. Evidence for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in various types of classes of peptidergic neurons. 168 65

In mouse, rat, and monkey, N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMDA) modulates gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) release by an unknown mechanism. In previous studies we found that normal male mice consistently responded to NMDA administration with increased levels of plasma LH, as did most normal female mice and female hypogonadal mice with fetal preoptic area implants (HPG/POA). To investigate the mechanism of NMDA-induced GnRH release, immunocytochemistry of c-fos protein (FOS) was used for detection of neurons activated by NMDA administration. In both normal male and HPG/POA mice, FOS expression was unchanged in GnRH cells after NMDA administration. That neurosecretory cells can respond to NMDA was shown by the induction of FOS in many CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) cells in the paraventricular nucleus. Immunocytochemistry of beta-Endorphin, neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme marker for catecholaminergic neurons, and glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme marker for GABA neurons, was combined with that for FOS in normal male mice. Many noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (32-61%), and dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus (15-31%) expressed FOS after NMDA administration while FOS was only rarely induced in neurons with the other neuromodulators tested. FOS was also induced in the locus coeruleus in male (43, 54%) and female (40, 55, 69%) HPG/POA mice. In contrast, few cells of the locus coeruleus expressed FOS in normal or HPG/POA mice after saline challenge. These results suggested that NMDA did not activate GnRH cells directly, but that NA neurons in the locus coeruleus were activated by NMDA and might be involved in stimulating GnRH release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Norepinephrine neurons in mouse locus coeruleus express c-fos protein after N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMDA) treatment: relation to LH release. 168 42

Our previous study showed that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) produced a significant increase in locomotor activity at a dose of 1 microgram and slow stereotypy with prominent grooming at a dose of 10 micrograms. In addition, the ICV administration of CRH caused a significant increase in dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine turnover (NE) in various forebrain regions. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the ICV administration of CRH on cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the rat forebrain. The ICV administration of 1 and 10 micrograms CRH caused a marked reduction in CCK-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI), NPY-LI and SOM-LI in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (Ant.CC), whereas it induced an increment of NPY-LI in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum. Increased SOM-LI and decreased NPY-LI were observed in the hippocampus following the ICV administration of CRH at both doses. The ICV administration of CRH caused a significant decrease in the BAGA content in the MFC, ant.CC, NAc and striatum. Taken together with our previous findings, these results indicate that the ICV administration of CRH induced classical neurotransmitter and neuropeptide abnormalities in the central nervous system which resulted increased emotionality, especially anxiety, in rats.
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PMID:The effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on peptidergic neurons in the rat forebrain. 168 80

Different regions of the prostate gland, namely prostatic capsule, peripheral prostate and central prostate (subdivided into proximal (near the bladder neck), distal (near the verumontanum) and midway between these areas) were obtained from 32 obstructed (stable obstructed, n = 8; unstable obstructed, n = 13; acute retention, n = 11) and five control patients. The innervation of these tissues was studied both histochemically to localise acetylcholinesterase activity and immunohistochemically for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, leu- and met-enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and somatostatin. In control patients the greatest density of nerves was found in the proximal central prostate, followed by the anterior capsule and distal central prostate, with the least density in the peripheral prostate. The greatest density of nerves were acetylcholinesterase positive and immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y followed (in decreasing order) by nerves immunoreactive to: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and dopamine beta-hydroxylase; leu-enkephalin and 5-hydroxytryptamine; calcitonin gene-related peptide; met-enkephalin; substance P; somatostatin. In addition a group of periacinar 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells and ganglia containing acetylcholinesterase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and all of the peptides studied except somatostatin were identified. In the prostate gland from obstructed patients there was a significant reduction in the density of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves (p less than 0.001) when compared with the controls. A similar trend was found for dopamine beta-hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and all of the putative neuropeptides in most areas of the prostate, the most notable exceptions being in the peripheral prostate, with an increase in dopamine beta-hydroxylase- and leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves in all three groups of obstructed patients an an increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in those presenting in urinary retention. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.
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PMID:The innervation of the human prostate gland--the changes associated with benign enlargement. 171 53

Food intake can be increased or decreased after either central or peripheral administration of peptides. Galanin, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, growth-hormone-releasing hormone, and desacetyl-melanocyte stimulating hormone increase food intake whereas insulin, glucagon, cholecystokinin, anorectin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, neurotensin, bombesin, cyclo-his-pro, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone reduce food intake. Many of these peptides have reciprocal effects on food intake and sympathetic activity with those peptides that stimulate food intake reducing sympathetic activity and vice versa. In addition, neuropeptide Y specifically increases carbohydrate intake. Galanin and opioid peptides on the other hand increase fat intake whereas enterostatin reduces fat intake. Glucagon decreases protein intake. The effect of peptides on specific nutrients suggests that peptides may work in part by modulating basic feeding mechanisms to lead to the selection of specific nutrients from the diet. This hypothesis might be called a nutrient-specific model of peptide-induced food intake.
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PMID:Peptides affect the intake of specific nutrients and the sympathetic nervous system. 172 38

The knowledge on the neuronal inputs to the locus coeruleus (LC) and their roles in regulating noradrenergic (NA) cellular activity is quite advanced. In recent years, however, about ten neuropeptides were found to be localized in the area of the rodent LC; peptides which may be considered as potential transmitters or modulators acting in this area. Electrophysiological studies performed in vivo and in vitro have revealed that many of these peptides are able to alter LC neuronal activity. Stimulatory effects have been described with vasopressin, substance P, adrenocorticotropin hormone and corticotropin-releasing factor. Depressant effects were seen with galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and enkephalin. Variable actions were observed in the case of neurotensin. While these findings point to a possible regulatory function of these peptides in this area, precise roles remain unclear. Important information is lacking that would conclusively demonstrate their regulatory functions. It should be determined whether the stimulation of peptidergic cells elicits synaptic effects identical to the ones observed with local exogenous peptide applications. By studying the action of blockers of these transmitter and modulator candidates, we would probably begin to understand their importance in the regulation of tonic and phasic activity components. The LC is generally considered to consist of a homogenous group of neurons. The recent observation that subpopulations of these cells contain peptides as in the case of neuropeptide Y, galanin and vasopressin, points to the possible existence of subgroups of neurons having different functions.
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PMID:Responses of locus coeruleus neurons to neuropeptides. 181 23


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