Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Potentiated adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol responses occur after the second of two small hemorrhages (hems) spaced 24 h apart in the dog. To test whether increased responses of other hormones might be associated with this effect, we examined plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (ANG II), and vasopressin after paired 10% hem (H1 and H2) spaced 5 h apart in chronically prepared conscious dogs. Cortisol secretion increased after each hem, and the response to H2 was larger (P less than 0.05; H1 peak at 6.8 +/- 1.3 micrograms/min vs. H2 peak at 18.3 +/- 5.3 micrograms/min). ACTH did not change after H1 but increased after H2, and the H2 response was larger (P less than 0.01). Vasopressin increased after each hem, and the H2 response was larger (P less than 0.01). The time courses of ACTH and vasopressin responses were similar after H2 (significant increases by 8 min). PRA and ANG II increased by 4 min after each hem, and although the difference was small the early PRA and ANG II responses were greater after H2. Blood volume and hem volume did not differ between hems. Hemodynamic responses to the hems were not different. We conclude that, although the PRA and ANG II respond rapidly enough after hem to influence pituitary responses, the slightly greater responses of these factors to H2 are not responsible for greatly increased pituitary-adrenal responses to H2. On the other hand, the markedly potentiated vasopressin response to H2, which parallels that of ACTH, suggests that vasopressin may mediate the increased ACTH responses to H2.
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PMID:Potentiated cortisol response to paired hemorrhage: role of angiotensin and vasopressin. 254 52

The effects of chronic cortisol treatment on neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to serotonin1 (5-HT1) receptor agonists were studied in conscious, freely moving rats. Seven-day cortisol treatment (25 mg/kg/day with osmotic minipumps) markedly suppressed basal plasma corticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone concentrations, indicating a suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Cortisol also decreased body weight, food intake, plasma norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) levels. In the drug challenge studies, we used two 5-HT1 agonists, the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), and the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OHDPAT), to examine the effect of cortisol on their behavioral and neuroendocrine effects. After 7-day cortisol treatment, plasma prolactin responses to both m-CPP and 8-OHDPAT were significantly decreased. While the plasma NE, E, and food intake responses to m-CPP were also significantly reduced by cortisol treatment, these same responses to 8-OHDPAT were unchanged. The effect of m-CPP on locomotor activity was also decreased. Since only the responses to m-CPP and 8-OHDPAT previously shown to be antagonized by pretreatment with the 5-HT1/5-HT2 antagonist, metergoline, were significantly attenuated after cortisol treatment, these changes may be specific to 5-HT receptors. These data indicate that chronic exposure to high glucocorticoid levels alters 5-HT1 receptor-mediated functions and provides additional evidence relevant to the contribution of glucocorticoid elevation to the symptoms of depression.
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PMID:Long-term cortisol treatment impairs behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to 5-HT1 agonists in the rat. 255 39

The influence of glucocorticoid administration and limited nursing on piglet carbohydrase enzyme development and subsequent growth was examined in three experiments using 371 piglets. Treatments in the first two experiments were formed by the factorial arrangement of hydrocortisone (-HYD or +HYD) and limited nursing (-LN or +LN) imposed form d 14 to weaning (d 28). Hydrocortisone was replaced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the third experiment. Growth rates were severely depressed by HYD (P less than .01), LN (P less than .001) and to a lesser extent (P less than .06) by ACTH during the last 2 wk of lactation. During the first 14 d postweaning, piglets continued to grow more slowly following HYD treatment (P less than .01), whereas LN piglets grew more rapidly than those allowed to suckle normally. Although piglets were smaller at weaning after HYD injection (P less than .01), relative weights of liver, pancreas and small intestine were increased (P less than .05). Only adrenal weights were increased by ACTH (P less than .09). Pancreatic and intestinal amylase activities were increased two- to three-fold by HYD injection (P less than .05) but were unaffected by ACTH or LN (P greater than .10). Sucrase and maltase activity increased linearly with age (P less than .001). This rate of increase was numerically enhanced by glucocorticoid treatment and LN. The normal decrease in lactase activity was accelerated by LN and HYD injection, with the greatest depression caused by the combination of LN and either HYD or ACTH administration (P less than .05). Glucocorticoid administration to nursing piglets can evoke premature elevation of the carbohydrase enzymes necessary for initiating the hydrolysis of starch.
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PMID:Effect of glucocorticoids and limiting nursing on the carbohydrate digestive capacity and growth rate of piglets. 255 55

Two experiments were conducted that demonstrated that a single injection of hydrocortisone 21-acetate (HYD, 25 mg/kg BW) administered to 6-d-old nursing piglets resulted in a twofold elevation (P less than .02) of pancreatic amylase within 2 d; activity was unaffected by an injection of 15 IU adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/kg BW (P greater than .20). Intestinal sucrase and maltase activity tended to be elevated (P less than .20) 2 and 4 d postinjection with HYD but returned to normal (uninjected) levels by 14 d of age. The normal decline of intestinal lactase activity was delayed by at least 4 d in response to both hormones (P less than .10). Organ weights were not affected by either hormone. In a separate experiment, postweaning mortality was reduced (12 vs 27%) and growth rate was substantially improved by administration of HYD to piglets 4 and 2 d prior to weaning at 14 d of age. Hydrocortisone resulted in a faster rate of gain the 1st wk postweaning for pigs weaned at 21 or 28 d. Subsequent gain by control and HYD piglets weaned on d 21 was similar, but HYD subsequently impaired growth rate of piglets weaned at 28 d of age. Growth rates of control and ACTH piglets were similar at each postweaning period regardless of weaning age (weaning age [lin.] x week postweaning [quad.] x treatment, P less than .07). This differential treatment response of daily gain may be due in part to effects on feed intake (weaning age [lin.] x week postweaning [lin.] x treatment, P less than .10). We conclude that a single injection of HYD to 6-d-old piglets precociously induces pancreatic amylase and that the sensitivity of piglets to HYD is age-dependent.
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PMID:Temporal changes in carbohydrate digestive capacity and growth rate of piglets in response to glucocorticoid administration and weaning age. 255 57

Eleven patients with major depression and 12 control subjects were administered corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), aqueous arginine vasopressin (AVP), and insulin hypoglycaemia (IH) to test for differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Patients with major depression demonstrated lower ACTH responses to CRH when compared with controls, and a trend toward such after administration of AVP. Despite lower ACTH responses in patients with depression, there were no differences in cortisol responses to these stimuli. In the CRH and AVP tests, there was no correlation between the basal cortisol and ACTH responses in either controls or patients, but in the IH test there was a negative correlation between these responses for both groups. The ACTH responses to CRH and AVP were positively correlated in controls and patients. Cortisol responses to all three provocative stimuli were positively correlated in both subject groups. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hypothalamic or supra-hypothalamic overactivity may be involved in the development of HPA-axis abnormalities in patients with depression.
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PMID:Consistent reduction of ACTH responses to stimulation with CRH, vasopressin and hypoglycaemia in patients with major depression. 255 71

The effect of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on basal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in vitro using dispersed pig pituitary cells. Pig pituitary cells were dispersed with collagenase and DNAase and then grown in McCoy's 5a medium containing 10% dextran charcoal-pretreated horse serum and 2.5% fetal calf serum for 3 days. Cells were preincubated with cortisol or ACTH before GnRH was added. When pituitary cells were incubated with 400 micrograms cortisol/ml medium for 6 h or longer, increase basal secretion of LH was observed. However, GnRH-induced LH release was reduced by cortisol. The degree of this reduction was dependent on cortisol, and a concentration of cortisol higher than 100 micrograms/ml was needed. Cortisol also inhibited the 17 beta-estradiol-induced increase in GnRH response. ACTH-(1-24), ACTH-(1-39), or porcine ACTH had no influence on GnRH-induced LH secretion. Our results show that cortisol can act directly on pig pituitary to inhibit both normal and estradiol-sensitized LH responsiveness to GnRH.
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PMID:Effect of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone on luteinizing hormone secretion by pig pituitary cells in vitro. 282 56

To investigate the mechanism underlying disturbances in hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in depressed patients, the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was compared with a cortisol suppression test (CST) and placebo treatment in depressed patients and control subjects. Plasma levels of cortisol, ACTH and beta-endorphin were assessed at 3 times during the day after treatment with a single dose of exogenous steroid. Both dexamethasone and cortisol treatment resulted in suppression of cortisol, ACTH and beta-endorphin in control subjects, while neither treatment had any effect on the hormone levels in those depressed patients who showed cortisol nonsuppression after dexamethasone. In the depressed patients who were cortisol suppressors after dexamethasone, cortisol treatment only slightly changed plasma levels of beta-endorphin, although they were suppressed after dexamethasone treatment. In addition, high levels of both cortisol and beta-endorphin were observed after placebo treatment in all depressed patients compared to control subjects, probably due to the absence of the normally occurring decrease of these hormones during the day in these patients. Cortisol treatment, but not dexamethasone treatment, discriminated depressed patients from controls with respect to their beta-endorphin plasma levels. However, it is not yet clear whether these different effects of the two steroids are related to a different mode of action of these steroids in depressed patients. beta-Endorphin seems to be a useful marker in detecting disturbances in HPA function among depressed patients.
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PMID:The dexamethasone and cortisol suppression test in depression: beta-endorphin as a useful marker. 282 62

Concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol were determined in plasma samples obtained at 20-min intervals for 6 h from low and high producing dairy cows at d 30 and 90 postpartum. Four nonpregnant, nonlactating cows also were sampled. Insulin concentrations were reduced at d 30 in both groups of lactating cows compared with concentrations in nonlactating cows; glucagon concentrations were unchanged. The molar insulin: glucagon was reduced at d 30 in both groups and at d 90 for low, but not high producers. Growth hormone concentrations were higher at d 30 in high producers than at d 90, in low producers at d 30, and higher than in nonlactating cows. Cortisol concentrations were lower in high producing cows at d 30 than at d 90 or in nonlactating cows due to a reduced pulse amplitude. No differences were observed for adrenocorticotropin. Reduced molar insulin: glucagon may be an integral response of the cow to lactation, while the difference in the insulin: glucagon for high and low producers at d 90 postpartum may indicate a continued need for a gluconeogenic stimulus in low producers. The elevated growth hormone and low cortisol concentrations likely participate in the enhanced production observed in high producing dairy cows.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones in high and low producing dairy cows. 283 86

The authors administered 100 micrograms human corticotropin-releasing hormone (h-CRH) to alcohol-dependent subjects after short-term abstention from alcohol abuse and observed that these patients released significantly less adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) than a control group. Cortisol responses were also blunted, but this effect was less pronounced. These findings indicate that hypercortisolism in alcohol withdrawal is driven by a central neurotransmitter/receptor disturbance rather than by peripheral alterations.
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PMID:Response of ACTH and cortisol to human corticotropin-releasing hormone after short-term abstention from alcohol abuse. 284 Sep 77

Ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 micrograms/kg body weight) and arginine vasopressin (1 micrograms/kg) were injected iv in sheep, both separately and in combination. Plasma were sampled just before and 5, 15 and 30 min after the injection. Adrenocorticotropin-related peptides were isolated by Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and measured by RIA. Cortisol and aldosterone were determined on the same plasma samples. Three molecular forms of immunoreactive ACTH (IR-ACTH) were isolated: 'big' (greater than 20,000 mol wt), 'intermediate' (= 8000 mol wt) and 'little' (= 4500 mol wt). Following CRH injections, the three molecular forms of ACTH were enhanced, particularly the 'little' form, whereas 'intermediate' IR-ACTH was highly and specifically responsive to AVP. After a simultaneous injection of CRH and AVP, additive increases occurred for 'intermediate' and 'little' IR-ACTH. The release of different molecular forms of IR-ACTH after stimulation by CRH or AVP of corticotrope cells suggests that ACTH-related peptides could be stored in different intracellular pools or secreted by different pituitary cells.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropin-related peptides after corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin injections in sheep. 284 71


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