Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The gastrointestinal tract of the alligator Alligator mississipiensis has been investigated for the presence of immunoreactivity to fourteen regulatory peptides all known to occur in the mammalian gut system. Mucosal endocrine cells reacting specifically with the antisera to neurotensin, C-terminal gastrin, somatostatin, bombesin, secretin, pancreatic glucagon and enteroglucagon were detectable, the distribution of these cells being, in general, similar to the mammalian pattern. Peripheral nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres were detected with the antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, bombesin and somatostatin again with a distribution similar to that seen in mammals. No immunoreactivity was observed with the available antisera to glicentin, motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, gastrin 34, cholecystokinin 9-20 and met-enkephalin.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of Alligator mississipiensis. An immunocytochemical study. 613 28

In the brain of adult specimens of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta (L), cells immunoreactive for several kinds of neuropeptides were localized by means of the PAP procedure, by use of antisera raised against mammalian hormones or hormonal peptides. In contrast, no such neurosecretory cells were found in the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata (CC/CA); in the CC/CA, however, immunoreactive nerve fibres were observed, reaching these organs from the brain. The neurosecretory cells found in the brain were immunoreactive with at least one of the following mammalian antisera, namely those raised against the insulin B-chain, somatostatin, glucagon C-terminal, glucagon N-terminal, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), secretin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), gastrin C-terminus, enkephalin, alpha- and beta-endorphin, Substance P, and calcitonin. No cells were immunoreactive with antisera specific for detecting neurons containing the insulin A-chain, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin connecting peptide (C-peptide), polypeptide YY (PYY), gastrin mid-portion (sequence 6-13), cholecystokinin (CCK) mid-portion (sequences 9-20 and 9-25), neurotensin C-terminus, bombesin, motilin, ACTH, or serotonin. All the neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells observed emitted nerve fibers passing through the brain to the CC and in some cases also to the CA. In CC these immunoreactive nerve fibers tended to accumulate near the aorta. It was speculated that neuropeptides are released into the circulating haemolymph and act as neurohormones.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical investigations of neuropeptides in the brain, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata of an adult lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (L). 613 31

The characteristics of the islands of Calleja complex (ICC) in the basal forebrain of the rat were studied with immunohistochemistry, histofluorescence, acetylcholinesterase staining, India ink vascular perfusions, electron microscopy, and steroid autoradiography. The ICC contains clusters of granule cells and associated medium-sized and large cells in the surrounding neuropil of the olfactory tubercle and septum-nucleus accumbens interface. The ICCs were found to contain monoamine fibers (dopamine and norepinephrine), neuroactive peptide fibers (leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, substance P, cholecystokinin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone), acetylcholinesterase-containing somata and dendrites, and medium-sized and large cells that concentrate [3H] estradiol. The specific overlap and combination of putative neurotransmitters in separate compartments of the ICC suggest that these structures contain striatum- and pallidumlike components. Striatumlike regions are defined as the zone in the rim regions of the ICC and are innervated predominantly by dopamine and cholecystokinin inputs. Pallidumlike regions are defined as the synaptic zone near the medium-sized and large cells of the cap and core regions of the ICC and they are innervated predominantly by enkephalin, substance P, and gamma aminobutyric acid inputs. The morphology, connections, and neurotransmitter relationships of the ICC, therefore, resemble classical striatopallidal systems. The additional presence of substances involved in the reproductive neuroendocrine systems (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, estradiol-binding cells, especially in the medial ICC, suggest that some ICC are involved in an endocrine corticostriatopallidal system. These endocrine systems resemble other neocortically and allocortically originating corticostriatopallidal systems in terms of their cell types, connections, and neurotransmitter systems. A functional role for the ICC in extrapyramidal motor systems is proposed.
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PMID:The islands of Calleja complex of rat basal forebrain. III. Histochemical evidence for a striatopallidal system. 613 33

Preliminary observations have indicated the existence of characteristic spectra of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neurohormonal peptides in endocrine tumors arising in foregut, midgut, and hindgut derivatives. In order to further explore this feature of GEP endocrine neoplasms, islet cell tumors from 14 patients were studied, as were endocrine tumors of the stomach, duodenum, and upper jejunum from 6, 5, and 2 patients, respectively. All tumors were examined immunohistochemically with antisera raised against islet hormones [insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP)], peptides of the gastrin family [gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)], peptides of the secretin family [secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)], and substance P, neurotensin, leu-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, motilin, calcitonin, and ACTH. In addition, an ultrastructural investigation was made. Whenever possible, the immunohistochemical observations were correlated with the clinical manifestations and with the results of radioimmunochemical determination of GEP neurohormones in the blood. The pattern of immunoreactive neurohormonal peptides and the clinical picture were those to be expected in endocrine tumors arising in foregut derivatives. Some principles are proposed for the classification of GEP endocrine tumors on the basis of their histopathologic growth pattern, their spectrum of neurohormonal peptides, and their clinical manifestations.
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PMID:Neurohormonal peptides in endocrine tumors of the pancreas, stomach, and upper small intestine: I. An immunohistochemical study of 27 cases. 613 99

Two cases of duodenal paragangioliomas that were studied using light microscopy and immunocytochemical methods are reported. The tumors showed immunoreactivity to somatostatin, cholecystokinin, calcitonin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, serotonin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, and substance P. The similarities of duodenal paragangioliomas to other neoplasms occurring in similar anatomic locations are outlined.
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PMID:Gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum: an immunocytochemical study. 613 54

As a CRF-like peptide has been isolated from human gut, we investigated the effect of synthetic CRF-41 100 micrograms on gut and pancreatic peptides in six normal subjects. There was a significant rise in pancreatic polypeptide compared to a control infusion, but no change in plasma insulin, pancreatic glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin, motilin, neurotensin, gastric inhibitory peptide, or cholecystokinin was seen. In addition, there was no change in circulating met-enkephalin. We conclude that the rise in pancreatic polypeptide seen after CRF administration may suggest a role for a CRF-like peptide in the control of pancreatic function.
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PMID:Corticotrophin releasing factor: effects on circulating gut and pancreatic peptides in man. 614 13

The source and topography of neuropeptide-containing axons in the median eminence are summarized. Several of these neuropeptide-containing neurons (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin, cholecystokinin) are localized in the paraventricular nucleus. The periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei constitute the main sources of somatostatin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone axons in the median eminence, respectively. Dynorphins and alpha-neo-endorphin-synthetizing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus also project to the median eminence. Wherever they originate, the projections may follow a common organization pattern and use a common gate--the lateral retrochiasmatic area--to enter the median eminence.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system: lateral retrochiasmatic area as a common gate for neuronal fibers towards the median eminence. 614 39

The control of feed intake is highly complex, involving many peripheral, as well as central nervous system (CNS) factors. The various signals involved in the control of feeding behavior are integrated in the hypothalamus and appropriate responses, i.e., feeding or cessation of feeding, are generated. The actual neurochemical events subserving this function are not well understood, although specific roles for each of the neurotransmitter systems have been proposed. More recently, certain neuropeptides have been shown to affect feeding behavior in sheep, as well as many other species. Most of the evidence points to the involvement of two families of neuropeptides in the control of feed intake in sheep: the opioid peptides, which include enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins, and cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides, of which CCK-8 is the primary brain form. Certain opioid peptides, such as met-enkephalins, beta-endorphin and dynorphin A peptides, have been shown to stimulate feeding after CNS administration in sheep, while CCK peptides suppress feeding. Thus it has been proposed that opioid peptides are involved in the initiation of feeding, or hunger, and CCK peptides, in the inhibition of feeding, or satiety. Although much more is known about the effects of CCK peptides than opioid peptides on feeding behavior of sheep, evidence is accumulating for direct interaction between CCK- and opioid-containing neurons that could lead to better understanding of hunger and satiety in sheep.
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PMID:Control of feed intake in sheep. 615 Sep 29

The effects of beta-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on carotid chemoreceptor activity have been investigated in cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge was decreased by intracarotid injection of beta-endorphin and by low doses of VIP, whereas it was increased by CCK-8 and higher doses of VIP, these effects being relatively long-lasting and often associated with changes in systemic blood pressure. The chemoexcitation evoked by acetylcholine and sodium cyanide was reduced during intracarotid infusion of any of the three peptides studied, and that caused by CO2-saturated Locke solution was reduced by beta-endorphin, largely unaltered by VIP and variably affected by CCK-8. The inhibitory effect of beta-endorphin was greatly reduced by naloxone, implying that it probably involved actions at naloxone-sensitive opiate receptors in the carotid body. Substance P was unable to overcome the chemoinhibitory effect of methionine enkephalin. Possible functions of polypeptides in the carotid body are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of beta-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin octapeptide on cat carotid chemoreceptor activity. 616 57

Four peptides--vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin and a peptide-like avian pancreatic polypeptide--have been found in nerves of the human male genitalia using highly sensitive and specific methods of immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Five other peptides (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, bombesin and cholecystokinin-8) were absent. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was the most abundant peptide, its highest concentration being in the proximal corpus cavernosum. Immunoelectron microscopy localized this peptide to large (97 +/- 20 nm), round, electron-dense granules of p-type nerve terminals. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the prostate gland and the root of the corpus cavernosum. Substance P immunoreactive material was present in smaller concentration and was mainly localized in nerves around the corpuscular receptors of the glans penis. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were associated mainly with the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens. When antiserum to avian pancreatic polypeptide was applied, certain nerves were stained, particularly in the vas deferens, the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle. However, chromatography detected no pure avian pancreatic polypeptide suggesting the presence of a structurally related substance, possibly neuropeptide Y, which cross-reacts with the avian pancreatic polypeptide antiserum. Similar distributions between vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves and between avian pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive and adrenergic nerves were observed. A general neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase, was used to investigate the general pattern of the organ's innervation. The abundance and distribution patterns of these peptide-immunoreactive nerves indicate that they may play important roles in the male sexual physiology.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the human male genital tract. 619 58


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