Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The islet cell tumors of the pancreas are now known to produce a variety of polypeptides in addition to insulin. These include glucagon, serotonin, corticotropin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, gastrin and a secretinlike hormone that may be VIP or a combination of such polypeptides. The development and wide availability of the newer immunoassays for the various recognized hormones as well as candidate hormones of the gut will simplify the diagnosis of these challenging tumors, which up until this time have produced symptoms that were bizarre and often fatal to the patient.
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PMID:Tumors of the islets of Langerhans. 18 90

A patient is described who had a malignant pancreatic islet cell apudoma secreting corticotrophin (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), both of which were clinically active, and very large quantities of immunoreactive gastrins, which were biologically active but clinically silent (normal gastric acid secretion and no peptic ulceration). The presence of parietal cell antibodies, with no increase in the plasma concentrations of hormones which can inhibit gastric acid secretion (secretin, GIP and VIP), suggests that many of the of the parietal cells may have been blocked by the autoantibodies.
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PMID:Clinically silent gross hypergastrinaemia from a multiple hormone-secreting pancreatic apudoma. 20 4

The levels of Neurotensin, VIP, Somatostatin, beta-endorphin and Bombesin have been investigated in plasma of 16 depressed and 20 anxious patients. VIP and Neurotensin were found significantly decreased in patients vs a group of 20 controls. Neurotensin levels returned to normal values after recovery. There were no significant differences from the normal in the concentrations of Somatostatin, beta-endorphin and Bombesin in the disease groups.
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PMID:[Plasma neuropeptides in affective and anxiety disorders]. 135 86

Chromaffin granules, the secretory organelles of the neuron-like adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, have previously been shown to store and liberate neurotrophic activities that support in vitro survival of several neuron populations including those innervating the adrenal medulla. Molecules resembling fibroblast growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been identified among these activities. Since chromaffin granules store a variety of neuropeptides and many neuropeptides can have pleiotropic effects on neuronal growth and maintenance we have tested 24 different neuropeptides for their capacities to promote survival of embryonic chick ciliary, dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Peptides tested included several derivatives of proenkephalin (Leu- and met-enkephalin, fragments BAM 22, B, F and E), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, VIP, bombesin, secretin, pancreastatin, dynorphin B, dynorphin 1-13, beta-endorphin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Control cultures received saturating concentrations of ciliary neurotrophic or nerve growth factor (CNTF; NGF), or no trophic supplements. At 1 x 10(-5) M leu- and met-enkephalin as well as somatostatin supported sympathetic neurons to the same extent as NGF. At the same concentrations, leu-enkephalin, the proenkephalin fragments BAM 22 and E, and somatostatin maintained about half of the dorsal root ganglionic neurons supported by NGF, but were not effective on ciliary neurons. VIP promoted the survival of approximately 50% of the ciliary and embryonic day 10 dorsal root ganglionic neurons as compared to saturating amounts of CNTF, but required the presence of non-neuronal cells in the cultures to be effective. Neurotensin (1 x 10(-5) M had a small effect on ciliary neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Screening of adrenal medullary neuropeptides for putative neurotrophic effects. 163 76

Secretion of beta-endorphin from mouse pituitary AtT20 cells is stimulated by a variety of compounds that raise intracellular cAMP and Ca2+. To investigate the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinases in secretion, AtT20 cells were transfected with an expression vector coding for a regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase containing mutations in both cAMP-binding sites. Expression of the mutant regulatory subunit in stable transformants (RAB cells) results in a dominant inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Isoproterenol (1 microM) or analogs of cAMP stimulated beta-endorphin secretion from AtT20 cells, but failed to stimulate secretion in RAB cells expressing the mutant R subunit. Secretion in response to CRF (100 nM) was inhibited by 80% in these mutant clones, whereas the secretory response to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 100 nM) or phorbol ester (100 nM phorbol myristate acetate) was not inhibited by the R subunit mutation. Intracellular cAMP was elevated in response to CRF (11- to 15-fold), isoproterenol (5- to 10-fold), and VIP (4- to 8-fold) in RAB cells. Similar concentrations of VIP were required to evoke beta-endorphin secretion in either RAB cells or AtT20 cells. As with most secretagogues, VIP-induced secretion was inhibited in the presence of either EGTA or a voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel antagonist, PN200-110. The secretory response to VIP was unaffected by down-regulation of protein kinase-C. These results suggest that CRF and isoproterenol work via cAMP-dependent protein kinase to activate beta-endorphin secretion, whereas VIP can act by a different mechanism that does not involve cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase-C.
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PMID:Role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in hormone-stimulated beta-endorphin secretion in AtT20 cells. 164 51

90 primary breast carcinomas and 18 metastases were immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein and neuron specific enolase. 30 tumours were c-erbB-2 negative and NSE positive, 23 tumours were NSE negative and c-erbB-2 positive. 1 tumour expressed focal immunoreactivity for both markers. 54 of the 108 tumours (50%) did not express either marker. Hormone immunoreactivity was present in single cells and in small groups of cells in 18 of the 31 NSE positive tumours. Bombesin, neurotensin and prealbumin were present in 4 cases each, followed by beta-endorphin and VIP in 3 cases each, leu-enkephalin in 2 cases and gastrin, serotonin, substance P, glucagon and somatostatin in 1 case each. None of 10 NSE negative breast carcinomas were comprised of cells expressing immunoreactivity for hormones. By immunoelectron microscopic examination the c-erbB-2 protein was shown to be present on the cell membrane, on smooth areas, microvilli and in coated pits. Immunoreactivity was also expressed in vesicles in cytoplasm and along rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study shows that c-erbB-2 protein expression and neuroendocrine activity are present in different tumour cell populations. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of c-erbB-2 protein, indicating an elevated cellular tyrosine kinase activity with stimulation of growth, intracellular Ca++, and phosphatidylinositol derivates, means that the same cell does not need regulation of the same factors by stimulation of peptide hormone receptors. Thus the production of autocrine and paracrine factors is switched off.
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PMID:C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. 167 29

A transurethral prostatic resection for prostatism in a 73 year old man showed a cluster of richly capillarised clear cells originally thought to be indicative of invasive carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out on this tissue specimen and three similar cases using a variety of antibodies--Neuron specific enolase, PGP 9.5, chromogranin, synaptophysin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P, calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide, met-enkephalin, VIP, neurofilament, CAM 5.2, S100 protein, prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. The cellular foci were shown to be composed of paraganglionic cells. The cell clusters were well defined and predominantly comprised clear cells with scanty, fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in three cases. The cell nuclei were round to oval, moderately pleomorphic, with evenly dispersed dense chromatin. It is concluded that the presence of minute foci of paraganglial cells in the bladder wall and prostate gland may be misinterpreted as malignant because of their close association with nerves and their relative rarity. Immunohistochemical staining with neuroendocrine markers should dispel any doubt about their identity.
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PMID:Paraganglial cells of urinary bladder and prostate: potential diagnostic problem. 169 Feb 21

Autonomic dysfunction is an increasingly recognized problem in aging animals and man. The pathologic changes that produce autonomic dysfunction in human aging are largely unknown; however, in experimental animal models specific pathologic changes have been found in selected sympathetic ganglia. To address whether similar neuropathologic changes occur in aging humans, the authors have examined paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia from a series of 56 adult autopsied nondiabetic patients. They found significant, specific, age-related neuropathologic lesions in the prevertebral sympathetic superior mesenteric ganglia of autopsied patients. Markedly swollen dystrophic preterminal axons compressed or displaced the perikarya of principal sympathetic neurons. Ultrastructurally, these swollen presynaptic axons contained abundant disoriented neurofilaments surrounded by peripherally marginated dense core vesicles. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that dystrophic axons contained tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity but not other neuropeptides (VIP, substance P, gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP]/bombesin, met-enkephalin). Similar to the animal models of aging, lesions were much more frequent in the prevertebral superior mesenteric ganglia than in the paravertebral superior cervical ganglia. These studies demonstrate anatomic, peptidergic, and pathologic specificity in the aging human nervous system similar in many respects to that which the authors have described in experimental animal models. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in the sympathetic nervous system may underlie poorly understood alterations in clinical autonomic nervous system function that develop with age.
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PMID:Neuroaxonal dystrophy in aging human sympathetic ganglia. 169 57

The effects of water-immersion-induced stress and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of selected neuropeptides on the levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were studied in the rat stomach. Water-immersion caused a significant decrease immunoreactive-TRH (ir-TRH) concentrations in the stomach, and a significant increase in ir-TRH concentrations in the gastric juice. The concentrations of PGE2 were significantly increased at 0.5-4 hrs, and significantly decreased at 6-8 hrs after water-immersion. In the experiment of i.p. administration of selected neuropeptides, the level of ir-TRH in the stomach was significantly decreased after VIP injection, whereas it was significantly increased after beta-endorphin injection. The concentration of PGE2 was significantly decreased in the stomach after i.p. administration of TRH and VIP. However, it did not change after beta-endorphin injection. These results indicate that some neuropeptides may participate in regulating the endogenous level of PGE2 and that these interrelations between neuropeptides and PGE2 may be important as ulcerogenic factors in stress ulcers induced by water-immersion in the rat.
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PMID:Effects of water-immersion-induced stress and intraperitoneal administration of brain-gut peptides upon immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin E2 concentrations in the rat stomach. 191 49

The specific melanotropin (MSH) binding sites of rat lacrimal glands were characterized with respect to anatomic distribution, peptide specificity and selectivity, and coupling to a biological response. Tissue distribution of MSH binding sites was determined by autoradiography following in situ binding of a radiolabeled, biologically active preparation of a superpotent alpha-MSH analog, [125I]-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH ([125I]-NDP-MSH). Intense, specific (i.e., alpha-MSH-displaceable) [125I]-NDP-MSH binding was observed throughout lacrimal acinar tissue, but not in ducts or stroma. In freshly isolated lacrimal acinar cells, specific binding of [125I]-NDP-MSH was maximal within 30 min and rapidly reversible, with a dissociation half-time of about 15 min. A number of melanotropins [alpha-MSH, [N,O-diacetyl-Ser1]-alpha-MSH, [des-acetyl-Ser1]-alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, ACTH(1-24) and ACTH(1-39)] were recognized by these binding sites, as assessed by their inhibition of [125I]-NDP-MSH binding; NDP-MSH was the most potent (IC50 = 1.3 x 10(-9) M). In contrast, other peptides, including ACTH(4-10) and the nonmelanotropic peptides VIP, substance P, somatostatin, and ACTH(18-39) (CLIP), had no effects on tracer binding. In isolated lacrimal acinar cells, alpha-MSH and NDP-MSH stimulated intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation. We conclude that lacrimal acinar cells express functional receptors recognizing melanotropins, suggesting that the lacrimal gland may be a target for physiological regulation by endogenous melanotropins.
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PMID:Characterization of functional melanotropin receptors in lacrimal glands of the rat. 216 77


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