Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 43 year old man with diabetes insipidus who showed panhypopituitarism and marked hypergammaglobulinemia due to histiocytosis X is reported. His low basal plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and growth hormone (GH) failed to respond to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. His basal serum thyroid hormone level was below normal and normal basal plasma thyrotropin (TSH) showed a delayed response with normal peak value to TSH-releasing hormone (TRH). Normal basal plasma pituitary gonadotropin also showed a delayed response with normal peak value to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). Suppression of plasma prolactin (PRL) by levodopa (l-dopa) was impaired and elevation of basal plasma PRL was noted at the second admission. These results, combined with diabetes insipidus, suggested that the panhypopituitarism in these patients was hypothalamic in origin. The polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia was characterized by elevated serum IgG and IgE levels which returned to normal after corticosteroid treatment with concomitant clinical improvement. Elevated serum IgE levels, tissue and peripheral eosinophilia, and the effectiveness of corticosteroid therapy support the hypothesis that some allergic mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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PMID:A case of histiocytosis X associated with panhypopituitarism and hyperimmunoglobulinemia G and E. 22 67

The secondary structures of human somatotropin, human choriomammotropin, ovine and porcine prolactin, human, ovine and porcine beta-lipotropin, human and ovine lutropin, human thyrotropin, human corticotropin, alpha-melanotropin and human beta-melanotropin have been predicted by the method of Chou & Fasman. Predicted contents of alpha-helix and beta-sheet do not correspond well with values estimated from circular dichroism spectra.
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PMID:Secondary structure prediction of anterior pituitary hormones. Lack of correlation between predicted values and circular dichroism data. 22 91

Acute and prolonged alpha 1-24 corticotropin stimulation was performed on a treated chromophobe adenoma patient with partial ACTH deficiency and extreme hyperprolactinemia. Cortisol and aldosterone stimulated normally. However, the basal concentrations of androstenedione (A) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were low, and that of DHA-sulfate (DHAS) was undetectable. Furthermore, A and DHA did not stimulate normally, and DHAS did not stimulate at all. It has been claimed that adrenal androgen production is increased in hyperprolactinemia. However, the inability of prolactin (Prl) to maintain adrenal androgen (AA) secretion, with and without added ACTH, is demonstrated in this patient.
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PMID:Lack of adrenal androgen stimulation by ACTH in extreme hyperprolactinemia. 22 82

Hormones are necessary for the growth of mammary glands, for initiation of the secretory process, and for the maintenance of an established lactation in all mammals. Hormonal changes which occur in late pregnancy and the early postpartum period are described and graphed. This data was derived from research with animal models and relevant human data. Enzymatic and cytologic differentiation of the mammary gland and limited mammary secretion begin during late pregnancy. This constitutes the 1st stage of lactogenesis. The 2nd stage consists of a great increase in lactation secretion occurring 0-4 days before delivery. Quantities of milk produced are very variable. The role of all the following hormones in lactogenesis are described: prolactin; adrenocorticotropin (ACTH, which stimulates glucocorticoid secretion); estrogens; placental lactogens. Maintenance of intense lactation also depends on a complex of hormones. Prolactin seems to be the most important hormone at this stage of the process. Milk secretion continuation is reliant on constant milk removal.
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PMID:Endocrinology of lactation. 23 Jun

Recent publications show that the average gnathostome adenohypophysis consists of four parts and contains six morphological cell types. Histophysiological and immunocytochemical data prove the secretion of one or two gonadotropins by one type of basophils that in numerous species in characterized by the presence of large globules besides secretory vesicles. The existence of a second type of gonadotropin secreting cells remains doubtful. Thyrotropin is produced by a separate type of basophilic cells, prolactin by erythrosinophils of the rostral pars distalis, and somatotropin by orangeophils of the proximal pars distalis. At rostral and caudal places of contact with the neurohypophysis, cells are concentrated that may be lead-haematoxylin-positive, and produce a protein consisting of peptides with hormonal and opiate activities. Among the hormones secreted by these cells, situated in the pars distalis and the pars intermedia, are corticotropin and melanotropin respectively. The factors that cause the differentiation of the primordium of the adenohypophysis are almost entirely unknown.
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PMID:A typology of the gnathostome adenohypophysis with some emphasis on its gonadotropic function. 23 Aug 15

The is evidence that some of the actions of both endogenous and exogenous opioids (e.g., stimulation of prolactin release) are mediated by interaction with catecholaminergic systems. Morphine (1.67, 5, and 15 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally) altered dopamine turnover as measured by the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine method in the median eminence, neostriatum, and frontal cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The turnover rate of dopamine was reduced in the median eminence and frontal cortex but accelerated in the neostriatum. In the frontal cortex all doses were effective in decreasing dopamine turnover; however, in the median eminence the lowest dose of morphine did not significantly alter dopamine turnover. All three doses accelerated dopamine turnover in the neostriatum. Naloxone effectively reversed the effects of morphine at all doses in all brain areas, whereas it had no effect on turnover when given alone. In the median eminence, neostriatum, and frontal cortex, intraventricular injection of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin (25 micrograms) or beta-endorphin (15 micrograms) produced the same effects on dopamine turnover as morphine. The actions of these peptides were blocked by naloxone. It is hypothesized that opiates and opioid peptides increase prolactin release by reducing the activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system.
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PMID:Morphine and endorphins modulate dopamine turnover in rat median eminence. 28 82

The pharmacokinetics and the hormonal, analgesic, and behavioral effects of several doses of human beta-endorphin were evaluated after intravenous administration to three patients and intracerebroventricular administration to one patient with pain caused by cancer. These effects were compared to the hormonal effects of intravenously administered morphine sulfate in two patients and an enkephalin analog in two baboons. The mean terminal half-life after intravenous administration of 5 or 10 mg of human beta-endorphin to three patients was 37 min; the mean volume of distribution was 178 ml/kg, and the metabolic clearance rate was 3.2 (ml/min)/kg. The half-life of beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after intracerebroventricular administration was 93 min, and the volume of distribution was 0.74 ml/kg. A rapid rise in plasma prolactin followed both intravenous and intracerebroventricular beta-endorphin. Intravenous administration did not affect plasma growth hormone, but intracerebroventricular administration suppressed plasma growth hormone. No significant change in plasma growth hormone was noted after intravenous administration of morphine to humans, but plasma growth hormone decreased in one baboon after administration of the enkephalin analog. beta-Endorphin-stimulated release of prolactin occurred at doses lower than those required to produce analgesic and other behavioral effects. When both hormonal and analgesic effects were observed (after 7.5 mg were given intracerebroventricularly), the onset of the hormonal response slightly preceded the analgesic and behavioral responses. These studies suggest that the hormonal effects of beta-endorphin are species dependent and are similar to those of morphine. Hormonal and analgesic effects of beta-endorphin appear to result from the activation of opiate receptors that differ in their locations and characteristics.
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PMID:beta-Endorphin: analgesic and hormonal effects in humans. 29 54

As parachlorophenylalanine appears to reduce release of prolactin (PRL) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in the eel, a stimulating serotoninergic control of these adenohypophysial secretions was suspected. Eels were therefore injected with serotonin (5-HT) (7.5--20 mg/kg) and compared with eels injected with the precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytroptophan (5-HTP) (20 mg/kg). In both cases, a darkening of the skin was observed, more rapid and intense with 5-HTP than with 5-HT. Similarly, MSH cell degranulation is more completely in 5-HTP-treated eels, which show simultaneously an unexplained dilatation of the swim-bladder not elicited by 5-HT treatment. In both cases, PRL cells are stimulated, and the nuclear area of PRL and MSH cells increases significantly. These results suggest that a serotoninergic pathway stimulates PRL and MSH release in the eel. An antagonism between the serotoninergic system and the dopaminergic system previously demonstrated in the same species seems apparent, but the interaction of other organs or factors, such as the pineal, are considered.
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PMID:Effect of serotonin on prolactin- and MSH-secreting cells in the eel. Comparison with the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan. 31 51

Lutropin and human choriogonadotropin stimulated the endogenous chromatin-associated polymerase activity in purified chromatin prepared from nuclei of bovine corpus luteum. Chromatin was incubated in two different buffer systems: one that mainly supports the activity of polymerase I, another that supports the activity of polymerase II and is largely alpha-amanitin sensitive. The hormones lutropin and chorigonadotropin stimulated an increase in the rate of incorporation of [14C]ATP or [14C]UTP into RNA in both buffer systems. Follitropin, prolactin and beta-corticotropin had no stimulatory effect. Neither the alpha nor beta subunit of lutropin stimulated RNA synthesis. When premixed, the subunits rapidly formed the active molecule. A maximum response to RNA synthesis was achieved by a 10(-9) M concentration of human choriogonadotropin. Considerable activity was obtained at 10(-11) M human choriogonadotropin. There was no lutropin stimulation to RNA synthesis using calf thymus DNA and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
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PMID:Lutropin stimulation of RNA synthesis in corpus luteum chromatin. 32 86

The pituitary glands of two urodelan species (Mertensiella caucasica, Triturus cristatus) and one one caecilian species (Chthonerpeton indistinctum) were examined with histological (Alcian blue, Brookes' trichrome stain), enzyme histochemical (acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylacetate-esterase, acetylcholinesterase) and immunofluorescence techniques (anti-carp GTH, anti-ovine prolactin, anti-synthetic alpha-MSH). In the pituitary gland of Mertensiella and Triturus six chromophilic cell types could be distinguished. A strong fluorescence was observed in the MSH-, GTH- and TSH-cells. In the pituitary gland of Chthonerpeton only five chromophilic cell types could be distinguished: in the rostral part of the pituitary gland the B3-cell; in the basal region of the central area the B2-cell; dorsocaudally the B1-cell. The acidophilic cells were found in the central and caudal part of the pars distalis. The basophils of the pars intermedia could be observed in the dorsocaudal part of the pituitary gland surrounding the neurohypophysis. All acidophilic cells showed a strong immunofluorescence with anti-ovine prolactin (LTH).
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PMID:Histological, immuno- and enzyme-histochemical investigations on the adenohypophysis of the urodeles, Mertensiella caucasica and Triturus cristatus and the caecilian, Chthonerpeton indistinctum. 34 44


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