Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined the effects of a computerized functional electrical stimulation exercise program on plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (BEP-ir), cortisol levels and depression parameters in spinal cord-injured individuals. Nine subjects from 1.2 to 33.5 yr postinjury with both motor and sensory complete lesions between C5 and T12 participated. It was determined that patients who sustained spinal cord-injuries less than 5 yr before this study had lower than normal baseline levels of BEP-ir and flattened circadian rhythms. Patients who sustained their injury greater than 5 yr before this study had higher baseline levels of BEP-ir with some return to normal circadian rhythmicity. Baseline cortisol levels, regardless of time since injury, appeared to be dysregulated. Regular exercise with computerized functional electrical stimulation caused significantly (P less than 0.05) sustained increases in BEP-ir in all patients and improved the regulation of cortisol. Furthermore, the more strenuous the exercise training, greater increases in BEP-ir levels were seen. Last, depression scores improved, which suggests a possible association between subjective mood and BEP-ir levels.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine changes during functional electrical stimulation. 162 80

To determine the role of reflex neural mechanisms for hormonal, metabolic, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (MABP) changes during static exercise, seven health young males performed 10-min periods of two-legged static knee extension both during control and during epidural anesthesia. Comparisons were made at identical absolute (29 Nm) and relative [15% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] force. Afferent nerve blockade was verified by hypesthesia below T10-T12 and attenuated postexercise ischemic pressor response. Leg strength was reduced to 67 +/- 5% of control. At same relative force, increases in MABP and HR occurred more rapidly without than with epidural anesthesia (P less than 0.05). This difference was diminished during identical absolute force. Changes in plasma concentrations of catecholamines followed the pattern of HR and MABP responses, with differences between epidural and control experiments being most pronounced early in the work period. Plasma beta-endorphin was elevated only after control exercise. No response at 15% MVC was found for growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, glycerol, free fatty acids, or glucose (P greater than 0.05). In conclusion, during static exercise with large muscle groups and moderate relative force, modest changes in plasma hormones and metabolites take place. Furthermore, afferent nervous feedback from contracting muscles is important in regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, and catecholamine responses during static exercise in humans.
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PMID:Hormonal, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to static exercise in humans: influence of epidural anesthesia. 187 83

The anatomical and biochemical features of primary sensory afferents and the peptidergic innervation of cremaster motoneuron efferents in the genitofemoral (Gf) nerve were analyzed in the rat using immunohistochemical, histochemical, retrograde tracing and lesion methods. Afferent fibers in the Gf nerve were shown to originate from neurons in L1 and L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and to project to L1 to T12.5 in the spinal cord. Some of the DRG neurons giving rise to these fibers contained substance P (SP) or the enzyme fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase but none appeared to contain somatostatin. The dermatome area of the Gf nerve, as determined by plasma extravasation methods, was located in the rostral scrotal and adjacent abdominal region. Identification of cremaster motoneurons by retrograde labelling from the Gf nerve revealed these neurons to be located in the L1 to L2 spinal cord segment, to have prominent rostrocaudally oriented dendritic aborizations and to receive a rich innervation by fibers containing SP, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or met-enkephalin (met-Enk). Lesion studies indicated the SP-and met-Enk-containing fibers to be supplied by local intraspinal systems and the TRH-containing fibers by supraspinal systems. In female rats, motoneurons corresponding to the male version of the cremaster motoneuronal pool were less developed and received far fewer peptidergic connections than that observed in males. The multiple neural systems innervating cremaster motoneurons together with sensory afferents in the Gf and other scrotal nerves are suggested to be involved in the contribution of cremaster muscles to thermoregulation of the scrotum.
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PMID:Neural relations of cremaster motoneurons, spinal cord systems and the genitofemoral nerve in the rat. 393 95

The preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord which innervate the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, were identified by the method of retrograde axonal transport of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue and True Blue. In rats, Fast Blue or True Blue was injected into the medulla of the left adrenal gland. After a survival period of 5 days, the animals were perfusion fixed, the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord sectioned and processed for the immunofluorescent localization of met-enkephalin, neurophysin, oxytocin, serotonin, somatostatin and substance P immunoreactivity. Neuronal perikarya which were retrogradedly-labeled with Fast Blue or True Blue were observed in the intermediolateral cell column from the T1 to the L2 spinal cord segments. The distribution of the sympathoadrenal neurons was determined by counting the number of retrogradedly-labeled neurons per spinal cord segment. In the five animals used for quantifying the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, the majority (72.3%) of the retrogradely-labeled neurons counted per spinal cord were located within the T7-T12 segments. The T9 segment contained the largest average number (20.1%) of retrogradely-labeled cells in a single segment. Met-enkephalin, serotonin and substance P immunoreactive fibers were prominent in the intermediolateral cell column, whereas oxytocin, neurophysin and somatostatin immunoreactive fibers were sparse. The met-enkephalin, serotonin and substance P fibers were seen surrounding both unlabeled and retrogradely-labeled neurons; somatostatin fibers appeared to preferentially contact retrogradely-labeled neurons; whereas, the neurophysin and oxytocin fibers were not found in proximity to retrogradely-labeled neurons. Met-enkephalin, neurophysin, oxytocin, somatostatin and substance P immunoreactivity were depleted in the intermediolateral cell column below the level of a spinal cord transection. Serotonin immunoreactivity was depleted in the intermediolateral cell column below the level of the transection for five to six segments, but sparse networks of immunoreactive fibers were observed in both the intermediolateral cell column and the ventral horn in more caudal segments. Met-enkephalin, serotonin, somatostatin and substance P immunoreactivity were decreased in both the contralateral and ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column below the level of a spinal cord hemisection, suggesting that both crossed and uncrossed descending pathways exist. Neurophysin and oxytocin immunoreactivity were depleted below the level of the hemisection in the ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column without noticeable decrease in the level of immunoreactivity in the contralateral intermediolateral cell column, suggesting that a decussation does not occur at the level of the spinal cord, but may exist above the level of the hemisection...
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PMID:The differential distribution and relationship of serotoninergic and peptidergic fibers to sympathoadrenal neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the rat: a combined retrograde axonal transport and immunofluorescence study. 618 Mar 52

Reflex mechanisms from contracting skeletal muscle have been shown to be important for cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and extramuscular fuel-mobilization responses in exercise. Furthermore, because hypoxia results in exaggerated metabolic changes in contracting muscle, the present study evaluated whether enhancement of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses by hypoxia during exercise is influenced by neural feedback from contracting muscle. Seven healthy males cycled at 46% maximal O(2) uptake for 20 min both during normoxia and at 11.5% O(2), and both without and with epidural anesthesia (EA; 20 ml 0.25% bupivacain, resulting in cutaneous hypesthesia below T10-T12 and 25% reduction in maximal leg strength). Exercise to exhaustion was also performed at 7.8% O(2). The exercise-induced increases in heart rate; cardiac output; leg blood flow; plasma concentrations of growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and catecholamines; renin activity; glucose production and disappearance; norepinephrine spillover [2, 190 +/- 341 ng/min (exercise at 11.5% O(2)) vs. 988 +/- 95 ng/min (exercise during normoxia)]; lactate release from and glucose uptake in the leg; and the decreases in plasma insulin and free fatty acids were exaggerated in hypoxia (P < 0.05). In muscle, concentrations of lactate, creatine, and inosine 5'-monophosphate were higher, and those of phosphocreatine were lower after exercise in hypoxia compared with normoxia. The exercise-induced increase in mean arterial blood pressure was not affected by hypoxia, but it was reduced by EA [108 +/- 4 mmHg (control) vs. 97 +/- 4 mmHg (EA); P < 0.05], and the reduction was more pronounced during severe hypoxia compared with normoxia. Apart from this, time to exhaustion at extreme hypoxia, circulatory responses, concentrations of neuroendocrine hormones, and extramuscular substrate mobilization were not diminished by EA. In conclusion, in essence the hypoxia-induced enhancement of systemic adaptation to exercise is not mediated by neural feedback from working muscle in humans.
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PMID:Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise in hypoxia during impaired neural feedback from muscle. 1040 60

Eggs from Cobb broiler breeders were incubated for 18 d. Eggs were not turned (T0) or were turned until 9 (T9), 12 (T12), 15 (T15), or 18 (T18) d. First, the effects of turning on embryo and albumen weights were studied. Samples of eggs were opened at d 9, 12, 15, and 18 for embryo and albumen weighing. The results show that embryos from unturned eggs had lower weights and higher remaining albumen weights than those from turned eggs. At d 18, albumen utilization was completed in the T12, T15, and T18 groups only. Also, further turning until d 15 and 18 increased embryo weights. The responsiveness of the embryo after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection was studied to test stress control in embryos. Blood samples were collected from embryos at 60 and 150 min after injection at d 12, 15, and 18 and were analyzed for corticosterone concentrations. The results showed that basal corticosterone levels increased with embryo age. At 60 min after ACTH injection, corticosterone levels were lower at d 12 than at d 15 and 18. At 150 min after ACTH injection, corticosterone levels followed different trends according to incubation stage and turning duration. The highest basal corticosterone levels were obtained with the T15 group at d 15 and 18. Also at d 18, corticosterone levels in the T15 group were the highest at 150 min after ACTH injection. We concluded that egg turning was required during incubation until d 12, at least, and should not be stopped until after d 15.
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PMID:Effects of turning duration during incubation on embryo growth, utilization of albumen, and stress regulation. 1574 69