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Query: UNIPROT:P01189 (beta-endorphin)
 21,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Proliferative activity of the anterior pituitary gland in 10 week-old male and female rats under normal conditions was investigated by counting mitotic figures and using single and double immunostaining of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and six pituitary hormones. To determine which proliferative changes depend on the estrous cycle and circadian changes, respectively, six groups of female and two groups of male rats were studied at various times of day. Additionally, BrdU-incorporated cells were further classified by the six types of hormones they contained, or as immunonegative cells. Cell proliferative activity in the females fluctuated drastically with the highest activity in estrus and the lowest in diestrus. In the males, proliferative activity was at a relatively low level, and was similar to that in females in proestrus or early estrus, with the greater activity at night. Identified by their pituitary hormones, the distribution of the proliferating cells was almost the same in each sex, with prolactin (PRL) cells accounting for the highest proportion, followed by growth hormone (GH) cells, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) cells. These percentages agreed well with previously reported levels of cell types among all pituitary cells of the rat. It is therefore suggested that the life span and cycle of rat pituitary cells does not differ among cell types. In another test, male and female rats were given BrdU continuously via an osmotic pump for 8 days to compare cell proliferative activity between sexes, exclusive of the influence of estrous cycle and circadian changes. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that the cumulative incorporation of BrdU in females was consistently twice as high as in males over a constant period of time, and to conclude that cell renewal occurs at a doubled rate in the pituitary of female rat.
Anat Rec 1993 Jan
PMID:Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: influences of sex, estrous cycle, and circadian change. 841 18

A study was made of the effects of exogenous adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on the levels of blood components in 109 dairy replacement calves and the statistical correlations between these effects and the growth rates of the calves from birth to six months. Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein before ACTH was injected and then at two, four, six and eight hours afterwards, and analysed for plasma cortisol concentration, total white cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, plasma glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus, erythrocyte sodium, potassium and magnesium, serum ionised calcium and total protein and total plasma calcium concentration. The injection of 1.1 +/- 0.02 iu/kg of ACTH intramuscularly resulted in a peak plasma cortisol concentration after two hours which had not returned to normal after eight hours. It also resulted in leucocytosis, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, eosinopenia and hypophosphataemia; the mean changes were repeatable (P < 0.05) in 49 of the calves tested two months later. The weight gains to six months of age could be predicted from the degree of the changes in several blood constituents. Significant partial regression coefficients were found for the change in glucose concentration (0 to four hours), absolute neutrophil count (0 to two hours), absolute lymphocyte count (0 to four hours) and loge absolute eosinophil count (0 to two hours). The multiple regression sum of squares was highly significant (P < 0.0001), and the multiple coefficient of determination was 0.305. It was concluded that the changes in these blood components after an injection of ACTH might be used to predict the weight gains of dairy replacement calves.
Vet Rec 1995 Jul 08
PMID:Responses of calves to injections of ACTH and their relationship with growth rate. 852 81

The results of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests (LDDST) were evaluated retrospectively in eight dogs with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism arising from functional adrenocortical tumours, and compared with the results from 12 dogs with confirmed pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). The post-ACTH cortisol concentration in the dogs with adrenocortical tumours ranged from 61 to 345-6 nmol/litre (median 251.5 nmol/litre) and they were within the reference range (150 to 450 nmol/litre) in five and unexpectedly low (< 150 nmol/litre) in three dogs. Both the basal and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in the dogs with adrenocortical neoplasia than in the dogs with PDH. Eight hours after the LDDST, only two of six dogs with adrenocortical tumours had a cortisol concentration above 30 nmol/litre, and the median resting, three, and eight-hour cortisol concentrations were 31.5, 23.0, and 22.7 nmol/litre respectively. There was no significant cortisol suppression during the LDDST, although interpretation was complicated by the low cortisol concentrations, but two dogs showed a pattern of apparent suppression. Two dogs with adrenal tumours showed a diagnostically significant increase in 17-OH-progesterone concentration in response to ACTH although their cortisol concentrations did not increase greatly. These results differ from previous reports of the response of functional adrenal tumours to dynamic endocrine tests.
Vet Rec 1999 May 15
PMID:Dynamic adrenal function testing in eight dogs with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia. 1037 Oct 12

Glucose was infused intravenously into six ponies during halothane anaesthesia, to evaluate its effect on their endocrine response to anaesthesia. The ponies were premedicated with acepromazine, and anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in oxygen for two hours. Glucose was infused to maintain the plasma glucose concentration above 20 mmol/litre. Anaesthesia was associated with hypothermia, a decrease in haematocrit, hypotension, hyperoxaemia, respiratory acidosis and an increase in the plasma concentrations of lactate and arginine vasopressin. The concentration of beta-endorphin in plasma increased transiently after 20 minutes but there were no changes in concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, dynorphin, cortisol or catecholamines. These data suggest that the glucose infusion attenuated the normal adrenal response of ponies to halothane anaesthesia.
Vet Rec 1999 Jul 24
PMID:Effects of glucose infusion on the endocrine, metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to halothane anaesthesia of ponies. 1046 34

Striated muscle of the esophagus was until recently considered to consist of "classical" skeletal muscle fibers innervated by cholinergic vagal motoneurons. The recently described co-innervation originating from enteric neurons expressing nNOS, VIP, NPY, and galanin added a new dimension of complexity. The aim of this study was to summarize current knowledge about, and to get further hints as to the possible function of enteric co-innervation of striated esophageal muscle fibers. Aldehyde fixed rat esophagi were processed for immunocytochemistry for CGRP or VAChT (to demonstrate vagal motor terminals), nNOS/NADPH-d, VIP, NPY, and galanin (to demonstrate enteric terminals), met-enkephalin, mu opiate receptor, muscarinic receptors m1-3, soluble guanylyl cyclase, and cGMP dependent kinase type I and II. Motor endplates were visualized using fluorochrome tagged alpha-bungarotoxin to label nicotinic receptors, or with AChE histochemistry. Besides light and confocal laser scanning microscopy, immuno electron microscopy was also employed. Up to 80% of motor endplates were co-innervated. In addition to nNOS, VIP, NPY, and galanin, many enteric terminals in esophageal motor endplates expressed met-enkephalin. Some appeared to stain for the muscarinic m(2) receptor. There was prominent immunostaining for the micro opioid receptor in the sarcolemma at both junctional and extrajunctional sites. Immunostaining for soluble guanylyl cyclase was prominent immediately beneath the clusters of nicotinic receptors. Enteric varicosities and vagal terminals intermingled in motor endplates often without intervening teloglial processes. During ontogeny, initially high co-innervation rates were reduced to adult levels in a cranio-caudally progressing manner. We conclude that, in addition to a possible nitrergic, VIP-, NPY-, and galaninergic modulation of neuromuscular transmission by enteric neurons, opioidergic mechanisms could play a role. On the other hand, cholinergic influence on enteric neurons may be exerted also by the nucleus ambiguus via motor endplates, in addition to the input from the dorsal motor nucleus. The observations that enteric nerve fibers contact striated muscle fibers at specialized sites, i.e., motor endplates, and that these contacts appear in an ordered cranio-caudal sequence after cholinergic motor endplates have been established point to a specific function in neuronal control of esophageal muscle rather than to be an unspecific "hangover" from the smooth muscle past of this organ.
Anat Rec 2001 01 01
PMID:Enteric co-innervation of striated muscle fibers in the esophagus: just a "hangover"? 1114 27

Hormone-producing cells in the rat anterior pituitary gland are not randomly distributed; rather, there are specific topographic affinities among five cell types (Noda et al., Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 2001;34:313-319). In this study we reconstructed these affinities, at least partially, in primary monolayer culture. Pituitary cells collected from adult male rats were enzymatically dispersed and cultured for 72 hr at a density of 1 x 10(5) cells/cm(2). We double-immunostained cells using antibodies against hormones, and then used confocal laser microscopy to examine the ability of the cells to attach to each other. We also statistically analyzed the affinity of all combinations of the five types of hormone-producing cells. We observed clusters by electron microscopy to identify junctional complexes between the cells. Confocal laser microscopy indicated that the features and attachment patterns of hormone-producing cells in vivo were similar to those in vitro. Statistical analyses revealed that the rates at which the five types of hormone-producing cells attached to growth hormone (GH)-, prolactin (PRL), and luteinizing hormone (LH)-producing cells were unequal, which suggests there are specific topographic affinities. The specific rates of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing cell attachment to GH cells, LH to PRL cells, and PRL to LH cells were high, whereas that of PRL attachment to PRL cells was low. In addition, the rates correlated with the data from our previous in vivo study. Ultrastructural observations revealed few junctional complexes between hormone-producing cells. These results indicate that anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells can attach to specific types of cells by means of specific and/or nonspecific adhesion factors, and can reconstruct the topographic nature of the pituitary gland.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003 Jun
PMID:Rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro can partly reconstruct in vivo topographic affinities. 1274 Sep 49

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of sampling techniques on the plasma concentrations of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). In the first experiment blood was collected on two occasions from 29 ferrets which were either manually restrained or anaesthetised with isoflurane. In the second experiment eight intact ferrets were fitted with jugular catheters and blood was collected on four occasions, just before and as soon as possible after they had been manually restrained or anaesthetised with medetomidine or isoflurane; blood was also collected 10 and 30 minutes after the induction of anaesthesia. Medetomidine anaesthesia had no effect on the plasma concentrations of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones. Isoflurane anaesthesia resulted in a significant increase in the plasma concentration of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) directly after the induction of anaesthesia. Manual restraint resulted in a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and a decrease in the plasma concentration of alpha-MSH.
Vet Rec 2003 May 10
PMID:Effects of anaesthesia and manual restraint on the plasma concentrations of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones in ferrets. 1276 88

The serum concentrations of cortisol and cortisone were measured in 19 healthy dogs and in 13 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) before and one hour after an injection of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In the dogs with pdh, the cortisol and cortisone concentrations were measured before and after one to two weeks and three to seven weeks of treatment with trilostane. The dogs with PDH had significantly higher baseline and poststimulation concentrations of cortisol and cortisone, and higher baseline cortisol:cortisone ratios than the healthy dogs. During the treatment with trilostane, the poststimulation cortisol, the baseline and poststimulation cortisone concentrations, and the baseline and poststimulation cortisol:cortisone ratios decreased significantly. The decrease in poststimulation cortisone was significantly smaller than the decrease in cortisol.
Vet Rec 2008 Oct 18
PMID:Serum concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in healthy dogs and dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane. 1893 55

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of prolonged transportation on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, total and free triiodothyronine (T(3), fT(3)) and thyroxine (T(4), fT(4)) concentrations, and functional variables (heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT)) in calm and temperamental Limousin young beef bulls. Exit velocity measurement was used to classify bulls' temperament as calm (group I: consisted of eight slowest bulls) and temperamental (group II: consisted of five fastest bulls). Calm subjects showed an increase of ACTH (P<0.05) and T(4) (P<0.01) concentrations after transportation compared with before transportation values. Temperamental subjects showed higher ACTH (P<0.01) concentrations before transportation, and lower T(4) (P<0.05) and fT(4) (P<0.001) concentrations after transportation than calm subjects. Related to functional variables, temperamental young beef bulls showed a decrease of RT (P<0.05) after transportation compared with before values, higher RT (P<0.001) before transportation, and higher HR (P<0.001) and RR (P<0.01) after transportation than calm subjects. Data obtained suggest that longer periods of transportation could minimise the magnitude and duration of the endocrine and functional responses to stress of young beef bulls; such responses probably decrease or disappear during transport, in accordance with animal temperament.
Vet Rec
PMID:Effect of temperament and prolonged transportation on endocrine and functional variables in young beef bulls. 2313 7


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