UNIPROT:P01185 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide levels were measured in the punched-out suprachiasmatic nucleus tissue from rats kept under a prolonged dim light (in vivo). Vasoactive intestinal peptide content increased from 4 to 8 h, returned to the baseline level at 12 to 16 h, and then increased again until 36 h after the light was switched off (dim light). Gastrin-releasing peptide level, in contrast, showed no significant changes, but a slight decrease from 1 to 4 h was detected under the dim light. In suprachiasmatic nucleus explant-slice culture, in vitro, Arg-vasopressin release increased transiently or showed a decrease at 30 min after exposure to vasoactive intestinal peptide or gastrin-releasing peptide, respectively. Treatment with anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide and anti-gastrin-releasing peptide antibodies reversed these effects. These findings suggest reciprocal roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide in Arg-vasopressin release.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide play distinct roles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 884 15

There is evidence that chronic ethanol treatment (CET) disrupts the biological rhythms of various brain functions and behaviors. Because the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is widely recognized as the dominant pacemaker of the circadian system, we have examined the effects of CET and withdrawal on the main morphological features and chemoarchitecture of this hypothalamic nucleus. Groups of rats ethanol-treated for 6 and 12 months were compared with withdrawn rats (ethanol-treated for 6 months and then switched to a normal diet for an additional 6 months) and with groups of age-matched control and pair-fed control rats. The volume and the total number of neurons of the SCN were estimated from conventionally stained material, whereas the total number of astrocytes and of neurons containing vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and somatostatin (SS) were estimated from immunostained sections. The estimates were obtained using unbiased stereological methods, based on Cavalieri's principle and the optical fractionator. The volume of the SCN and the total number of SCN neurons and astrocytes did not vary among groups. We found, however, that CET induced a significant reduction in the total number of AVP-, VIP-, GRP-, and SS-containing neurons. Withdrawal from alcohol did not reduce but rather augmented the loss of VIP- and GRP-immunoreactive neurons. The CET-induced neurochemical alterations seem to result from a decrease in neuropeptide synthesis, as revealed by the reduction in AVP and VIP mRNA levels demonstrated by in situ hybridization with radioactively labeled 48-mer AVP and 30-mer VIP probes. It is thus possible to conclude that the irreversible CET-induced changes in the neurochemistry of the SCN might underpin the disturbances in circadian rhythms observed after long-term alcohol consumption.
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PMID:Chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal do not induce cell death in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but lead to irreversible depression of peptide immunoreactivity and mRNA levels. 900 74

Rhythms in the expression of the nuclear phosphoprotein Fos, have been demonstrated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of nocturnal rodents. When rats are housed in a 12:12-h light/dark (LD) cycle the number of Fos-immunoreactive (-IR) cells within the SCN is higher during the day than at night [9,23]. In the two experiments reported here, Fos-IR was examined in the SCN of a diurnal murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus. First, thirty-six adult male A. niloticus housed in a 12:12-h LD cycle were perfused at six equally spaced time points beginning 1 h after lights on (n=6 per time point). Brains were sectioned and treated with immunohistochemical procedures for the identification of Fos. The number of Fos-IR cells in the SCN varied significantly as a function of time, and was highest 1 h after lights on and decreased thereafter. The distribution of Fos-IR within the SCN overlapped with that of arginine-vasopressin-IR (AVP-IR) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-IR (VIP-IR), but not with that of gastrin-releasing peptide-IR (GRP-IR). In the second study, double-labeling techniques revealed extensive Fos expression within SCN neurons containing AVP-IR, but not neurons containing GRP-IR. In conclusion, although the overall rhythm of Fos-IR in the SCN is similar in diurnal and nocturnal rodents, differences may exist with respect to the relative distribution of Fos-immunoreacte cells within different SCN cell populations.
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PMID:The expression of Fos within the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis niloticus. 959 11

The sleep-wake cycle is virtually the most prominent circadian rhythm in mammals. In the timing system of sleep and wakefulness, the intrinsic neuropeptide systems of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) may play an important role. To elucidate this possible influence in the golden hamster, the immunoreactivity patterns of the suprachiasmatic gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) systems were investigated in relation to the day-night and sleep-wake cycle by use of immunocytochemistry combined with semiquantitative planimetric analysis. For the GRP system, the highest level of immunoreactivity (expressed as area density) was observed in sleeping hamsters. Intermediate levels were found in awake, motorically active evening animals, whereas the lowest levels of immunoreactivity were detected in awake, motorically inactive hamsters studied in the morning. The immunoreactivity of the VIP system showed a completely opposite pattern, indicating highest area density in awake morning, intermediate area density in awake evening and lowest area density in sleeping golden hamsters. The immunoreactivity pattern of the AVP system, displaying highest levels in sleeping individuals, was virtually identical to that of the GRP system. Together with the related signs of neuronal activity, the present results favor an important role of these neuropeptide systems for the integration of central nervous information related to the sleep-wake cycle with photic information of the retinal input.
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PMID:Dynamic changes in the immunoreactivity of neuropeptide systems of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in golden hamsters during the sleep-wake cycle. 979 39

Little is known about the neural substrates controlling circadian rhythms in day-active compared to night-active mammals primarily because of the lack of a suitable diurnal rodent with which to address the issue. The murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus, was recently shown to exhibit a predominantly diurnal pattern of activity and body temperature, and may be suitable for research on the neural mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms. This paper describes, in A. niloticus, the anatomy of two neural structures that play important roles in the control of circadian rhythms, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the distribution of neuroactive peptides in the SCN and IGL, and retinal projections to these structures were traced with anterograde transport of the beta subunit of cholera toxin. In A. niloticus, distinct subdivisions of the SCN contained cell bodies with immunoreactive (IR) vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and corticotropin-releasing factor. The SCN did not contain cell bodies with met-enkephalin-IR and substance P-IR, but did contain fibers with substance P-IR and neuropeptide Y-IR. Retinal fibers were present throughout the SCN, but were most densely concentrated along its ventral edge, particularly in the contralateral SCN. Retinal fibers also extended to a variety of hypothalamic regions outside the SCN, including the supraoptic nucleus and the subparaventricular region. The IGL contained cells with neuropeptide Y-IR and enkephalin-IR cells. Retinal fibers projected to both the ipsilateral and contralateral IGL. The anatomy of the SCN and IGL were compared and contrasted with that previously described for other nocturnal and diurnal species.
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet of Arvicanthis niloticus, a diurnal murid rodent from East Africa. 988 43

Studies aimed at analyzing the deleterious effects of excess alcohol in the brain have revealed structural alterations that are often associated with functional and behavioral disturbances. Among the neuronal damage related to prolonged alcohol exposure, alterations in the synthesizing capabilities and levels of expression of neuroactive peptides have been increasingly reported. Actually, such changes frequently represent the sole repercussion of acute and short-term exposure to ethanol. This review gathers the existing data on the effects of ethanol exposure on the synthesis and expression of hypothalamic peptides. Amid those that can act both as neurotransmitters and neurohormones, we allude to vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin and related peptides produced by paraventricular, supraoptic and arcuate neurons. With respect to peptides that act exclusively as neurotransmitters, we address the effects of alcohol on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, somatostatin and vasopressin synthesized by suprachiasmatic neurons. Hypothalamic neurons that produce peptides that act as neurotransmitters are supposed to be modulated primarily by influences exerted by neuronal afferents, whereas those producing peptides that additionally act as neurohormones are also regulated by peripheral stimuli (e.g., plasma levels of circulating hormones, osmotic challenges). These peculiar features endue the hypothalamus with characteristics that are particularly propitious to enlighten the still cryptic mechanisms underlying the ethanol effects on protein synthesis.
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PMID:Effects of alcohol on the synthesis and expression of hypothalamic peptides. 1021 Jan 63

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain a master clock driving the majority of circadian rhythms in mammals. It is believed that the SCN confers circadian rhythmicity as well as light responsiveness to pineal melatonin secretion via a direct projection to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Neurons in the SCN respond to light during subjective night with an expression of the immediate early gene c-fos. The number and distribution of c-Fos protein-containing neurons depend on the zeitgeber time (ZT) at which the light stimulus is presented. To investigate whether this phase-dependent activity is present in the SCN output neurons targeting the PVN, we combined retrograde cholera toxin subunit B (ChB) tracing from the PVN with c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Male golden hamsters were injected iontophoretically with ChB into the PVN area and 7 days later given a 1.5-hr light stimulus at either ZT 14 or ZT 19 followed by vascular fixation. Light stimulation at ZT 19 gave rise to more c-Fos containing neurons in the SCN than light presented at ZT 14. Double immunostaining for ChB and c-Fos revealed that light stimulation at ZT 14 induced c-Fos expression in 26.6% +/- 2.8% of the retrogradely filled perikarya, whereas light-stimulation at ZT 19 increased this fraction to 40.7% +/- 1.9%. This demonstrates the presence of a phase-dependent c-Fos induction in the suprachiasmatic-paraventricular projection system. Triple immunohistochemistry showed that light-activated output neurons contained both gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and to a lesser extent vasopressin. The present findings provide functional evidence of light activation of central pathways involved in the regulation of circadian output rhythms.
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PMID:Light-induced c-Fos expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons targeting the paraventricular nucleus of the hamster hypothalamus: phase dependence and immunochemical identification. 1175 66

[Arg(6),D-Trp(7,9),N(me)Phe(8)]-substance P (6-11) (SP-G) is a novel anticancer agent that has recently completed phase I clinical trials. SP-G inhibits mitogenic neuropeptide signal transduction and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Using the SCLC cell line series GLC14, 16 and 19, derived from a single patient during the clinical course of their disease and the development of chemoresistance, it is shown that there was an increase in responsiveness to neuropeptides. This was paralleled by an increased sensitivity to SP-G. In a selected panel of tumour cell lines (SCLC, non-SCLC, ovarian, colorectal and pancreatic), the expression of the mitogenic neuropeptide receptors for vasopressin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), bradykinin and gastrin was examined, and their sensitivity to SP-G tested in vitro and in vivo. The tumour cell lines displayed a range of sensitivity to SP-G (IC(50) values from 10.5 to 119 microM). The expression of the GRP receptor measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, correlated significantly with growth inhibition by SP-G. Moreover, introduction of the GRP receptor into rat-1A fibroblasts markedly increased their sensitivity to SP-G. The measurement of receptor expression from biopsy samples by polymerase chain reaction could provide a suitable diagnostic test to predict efficacy to SP-G clinically. This strategy would be of potential benefit in neuropeptide receptor-expressing tumours in addition to SCLC, and in tumours that are relatively resistant to conventional chemotherapy.
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PMID:Increased gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor expression in tumour cells confers sensitivity to [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8]-substance P (6-11)-induced growth inhibition. 1277 99

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus are necessary for coordination of major aspects of circadian rhythmicity in mammals. Although the molecular clock mechanism of the SCN has been a field of intense research during the last decade, the role of the neuropeptides in the SCN, including arginine-vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), in the clock itself or in circadian organization is still largely unknown. Previous studies mainly performed in the rat have examined the profiles of AVP, VIP and GRP mRNA and peptide levels and suggested that the AVP rhythm is controlled by the circadian clock, whereas those of VIP and GRP are directly dependent on lighting conditions. Here, both daily (i.e., under light-dark cycle [LD]) and circadian (i.e., in constant darkness [DD]) profiles of neuropeptide mRNA were investigated in the SCN of the nocturnal mouse Mus musculus and the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ansorgei to gain insight into a possible role in circadian organization. Our data show that AVP mRNA exhibits a clear circadian rhythm in the SCN peaking by the end of the subjective day in both species. Contrary to what has been observed in rats, oscillations of VIP and GRP mRNA in the SCN are found to be clock-controlled in mice and A. ansorgei, but with different phases for peak expression. While both VIP and GRP mRNA peak during the middle of the subjective night (i.e., with a 6-h lag compared to AVP mRNA) in mice, they peak almost in phase with AVP mRNA in A. ansorgei. Contrary to what has been reported in the rat, mean levels of VIP and GRP peptide mRNA levels tended to be increased by light in the mice. The different circadian organization of SCN neuropeptides mRNA profiles in both light/dark and constant darkness conditions between mice and A. ansorgei could be related with diurnality.
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PMID:Daily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents. 1513 22

The circadian clock located in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) exhibits substantial heterogeneity in both its neurochemical and functional organization, with retinal input and oscillatory timekeeping functions segregated to different regions within the nucleus. Although it is clear that photic information must be relayed from directly retinorecipient cells to the population of oscillator cells within the nucleus, the intra-SCN signal (or signals) underlying such communication has yet to be identified. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), which is found within calbindin-containing retinorecipient cells and causes photic-like phase shifts when applied directly to the SCN, is a candidate molecule. Here we examine the effect of GRP on both molecular and behavioral properties of the hamster circadian system. Within 30 min a third ventricle injection of GRP produces an increase in the number of cells expressing the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), localized in a discrete group of SCN cells that form a cap dorsal to calbindin cells and lateral to vasopressin cells. At 1 h after the peak of p-ERK expression these cap cells express c-fos, Period1, and Period2. Pharmacological blockade of ERK phosphorylation attenuates phase shifts to GRP. These data indicate that GRP is an output signal of retinorecipient SCN cells and activates a small cluster of SCN neurons. This novel cell group likely serves as a relay or integration point for communicating photic phase-resetting information to the rhythmic cells of the SCN. These findings represent a first step in deconstructing the SCN network constituting the brain clock.
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PMID:Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide. 1575 52

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