Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 'big' frog (Rana esculenta) neurophysin, encompassing sequences homologous to mammalian MSEL-neurophysin and copeptin, has been passed through a trypsin-Sepharose column in order to compare its conformation with that of the two-domain intermediate precursor isolated from guinea pig. Whereas the polypeptide possesses 8 arginine residues, only two cleavages were observed located in a putative inter-domain sequence (at Arg-94 and Arg-114). Because free vasotocin has been isolated from the frog, it is assumed that pro-vasotocin has a three-domain conformation similar to that of pro-vasopressin but processing in amphibians involves only one step rather than two steps as in mammals.
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PMID:An amphibian two-domain 'big' neurophysin: conformational homology with the mammalian MSEL-neurophysin/copeptin intermediate precursor shown by trypsin-sepharose proteolysis. 325 54

A cell growth inhibitor (GI), purified from BSC-1 cell-conditioned medium, has little if any effect on DNA synthesis when added alone to monolayer cultures of quiescent Swiss mouse 3T3 cells in serum-free medium. However, the inhibitor, which is closely related to transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-beta), exhibits a pronounced synergistic stimulation of DNA synthesis in combination with certain peptide (bombesin, vasopressin) or polypeptide (platelet-derived growth factor) mitogens. A similar synergistic response has been demonstrated for TGF-beta purified from human platelets. In the presence of 3 nM bombesin, a half-maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis was obtained at a GI concentration of approximately 60 pg/ml, with a maximal response at approximately 600 pg/ml. The synergistic interactions demonstrated by GI or TGF-beta in stimulating Swiss 3T3 cells closely resemble those previously shown for insulin, and we have observed that GI does not synergize with insulin to stimulate DNA synthesis in these cells. Like insulin, and in contrast to bombesin, vasopressin, and platelet-derived growth factor, GI does not activate cellular inositolphospholipid hydrolysis, calcium mobilization, or cross-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor affinity. These results raise the possibility that the biochemical pathways activated by GI/TGF-beta and insulin converge at a post-receptor stage.
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PMID:Insulin-like synergistic stimulation of DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells by the BSC-1 cell-derived growth inhibitor related to transforming growth factor type beta. 329 69

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) is the principal brain structure involved in the generation of circadian rhythms. In the present study, we have employed immunohistochemical techniques to evaluate the development of the fetal SCh following its transplantation to the brain of adult host animals. Donor hypothalami were obtained from normal Long-Evans fetuses and transplanted to the lateral, third, or fourth ventricle of Brattleboro rats. Neuronal aggregations exhibiting the organotypic features of the SCh were present in over 90% of the grafts recovered at each transplantation site. Like the normal endogenous SCh, SCh-like cell groups identified within the transplants contained a prominent population of parvicellular (9-13 micron), neurophysin-containing neurons that were immunopositive for vasopressin (VP) but not oxytocin. These SCh-like cell groups also invariably contained similar small neurons that were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Typically, VP and VIP immunoreactive perikarya were concentrated in contiguous, complementary parts of the grafted SCh, but fibers immunoreactive for either peptide were distributed throughout the extent of the nucleus. Because the brain of the Brattleboro rat is deficient in vasopressin, it was possible to evaluate the projection of the vasopressinergic component of the transplanted SCh to the host brain. Although SCh were identified in grafts recovered from each intraventricular transplantation site, an appreciable input to the host brain could be identified only when the fetal tissue was grafted to the third ventricle. Here, grafted SCh established efferent connections with periventricular diencephalic structures which ordinarily receive a projection from the in situ SCh. Specifically, VP immunoreactive fibers originating from transplanted SCh were identified in the medial preoptic area, the periventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, the paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus, and in the retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the host brain. These results demonstrate that the fetal SCh not only survives transplantation but also retains its distinguishing cytological features and the capacity to form an appropriately restricted set of efferent connections with the brain of adult host animals.
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PMID:Organization and efferent connections of transplanted suprachiasmatic nuclei. 334 77

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is thought to be the main neuronal oscillator underlying circadian rhythmicity of different biological phenomena such as sleep-wakefulness and body temperature. Although numerous studies in old rats showed that circadian organization is clearly disturbed in senescence, no decrease in total SCN cell number has been observed. However, in an earlier study we found a significant decrease of approximately 30% in the number of immunocytochemically-stained vasopressin (VP) neurons in the SCN of the old rat. The aim of the present study was to examine whether another group of SCN neurons, i.e., the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) cells, shows age-related changes parallel with disturbances found in sleep/wake parameters. Immunocytochemical staining with antiVIP followed by morphometric analysis revealed a 36% decrease in the number of immunoreactive VIP neurons in the SCN of old rats as compared to young ones. The average size of the remaining VIP cells increased in aged rats. The rapid-eye-movement (REM)-sleep time was negatively correlated with the immunoreactive VIP cell number in the old animals. VP and VIP alterations in the SCN may constitute an anatomical substrate for the circadian disturbances observed in senescence.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neuron changes in the senile rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 339 95

To investigate the functions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which plays an important role as an integration site for the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems, the firing activity of PVN neurons was recorded from hypothalamic slice preparations during thermal, osmotic and chemical stimulation. Neurons responded to environmental factors such as temperature and osmolarity and both warm-responsive and cold-responsive neurons were observed in the PVN. Some PVN neurons were also osmoresponsive and unlike neurons in the supraoptic nucleus, most osmoresponsive PVN neurons decreased their firing rate during hyperosmotic stimulation. One of the classical transmitters, noradrenaline, exerted excitatory effects on PVN neurons through alpha 1- and beta-receptors and inhibitory responses through alpha 2-receptors. Atrial natriuretic polypeptide exerted inhibitory effects on putative parvocellular PVN neurons but it had no effect on putative magnocellular PVN neurons. An endogenous sugar derivative, 2-deoxytetronic acid, thought to be an endogenous satiety factor, elicited inhibitory effects, supporting the possibility that the PVN also may be related to feeding behaviour. Arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin which are synthesised in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells excited PVN neurons, suggesting that the PVN may have short circuits modulating neural activity within the nucleus itself. We conclude that neurons in the PVN may receive multiple information and act as one of the important integrative sites in the brain.
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PMID:Thermal, osmotic and chemical modulation of neural activity in the paraventricular nucleus: in vitro studies. 340 58

Possible involvement of an endogenous digitalislike substance (EDLS) in blood pressure regulation was investigated using a Japanese population. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly correlated with urinary excretion of the EDLS, age, and the obesity index. The plasma EDLS correlated with urinary EDLS. Urinary EDLS excretion well correlated with the inhibitory activity on Na+,K+-ATPase, and also with the urinary excretion of NaCl. Obesity index correlated with the Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition and arterial pressure. Although plasma content of atrial natriuretic polypeptide correlated with the urinary Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition, it did not correlate with the rest of all parameters. Plasma vasopressin level did not correlate with these parameters either. These results clearly indicate that the circulating EDLS (ie, Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor) is implicated in the hypertension associated with an excess intake of sodium, aging and obesity.
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PMID:Endogenous digitalislike substance in an adult population in Japan. 341 95

The neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are known to be synthesized in eutherian mammals as part of larger precursors containing either MSEL- or VLDV-neurophysins. A neurophysin has been isolated from ostrich neurohypophyses and shown by partial amino acid sequence determination to be related to mammalian VLDV-neurophysin. The present report describes the complete amino acid sequence of this ostrich neurophysin containing 93 residues. This amino acid sequence, the first reported in birds, differs in a remarkable manner from its mammalian homolog. Indeed, it contains a large number of substitutions, including one insertion, distributed throughout the polypeptide chain when compared to known VLDV-neurophysins. Whereas many of these substitutions are localized inside the so-called constant region of the neurophysin, the highest variation can be found in the COOH-terminal region.
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PMID:Complete amino acid sequence of a VLDV-type neurophysin from ostrich differs markedly from known mammalian neurophysins. 343 99

The amino acid sequence of guinea pig MSEL-neurophysin has been determined using tryptic peptides derived from the performic acid-oxidized protein and staphylococcal proteinase peptides obtained from the reduced-carboxamidomethylated neurophysin. Guinea pig MSEL-neurophysin consists of a 93-residue polypeptide chain that shows 12 substitutions and 2 deletions when compared to bovine MSEL-neurophysin. It displays the highest number of variations among known mammalian MSEL-neurophysins. These variations are mainly found in the C-terminal region (residues 88-93). Moreover guinea pig MSEL-neurophysin, like rat homologous protein, exhibits substitutions in positions 2, 5, 29 and 81 and lacks an arginine in the penultimate position. Comparison between eight mammalian MSEL-neurophysins reveals a highly conserved region (residues 1 to 88) and a hypervariable region (residues 89 to 93/95). On the other hand the eight species examined are endowed with arginine vasopressin except pig, which has a lysine vasopressin. In the vasopressin-MSEL-neurophysin precursor, the hormonal moiety and the MSEL region of neurophysin (residues 1-9) are encoded by a common exon in ox, rat and man; it can be concluded that this exon is evolutionarily conservative in contrast to the one encoding the C-terminal region of MSEL-neurophysin.
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PMID:Guinea pig MSEL-neurophysin. Sequence comparison of eight mammalian MSEL-neurophysins. 343 4

Since neuroimmunomodulation is brought about in part, at least, by secretion of pituitary hormones involved in stress and immune responses, we review briefly the hypothalamic control of the release of ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin. The release of ACTH is controlled particularly by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), but vasopressin has intrinsic releasing activity and potentiates the action of CRF at both hypothalamic and pituitary levels. Oxytocin may even potentiate the action of CRF, but has little, if any, ACTH-releasing activity by itself. In addition, epinephrine may augment responses to the CRFs. In contrast, growth hormone is under dual control by growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin, and prolactin is under multifactorial control by a series of inhibitors and stimulators. Dopamine is accepted as a physiological prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF), but probably GABA and possibly acetylcholine as well are PIFs. There is good evidence for a peptide PIF as well. There are a number of prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs) which include oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, PHI and TRH. Several other peptides can also release prolactin, including angiotensin II. In response to stress there is a complex interaction of peptides intrahypothalamically. CRF augments its own release by an ultra short-loop positive feedback, and there is negative ultra short-loop feedback of GRF and somatostatin. Vasopressin appears to augment CRF release as well as to act directly on the pituitary, and there are complex interactions of various peptides to influence prolactin and GH release.
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PMID:The role of brain peptides in neuroimmunomodulation. 347 67

Restoration of the circadian rhythmicity in wheel-running activity was shown in rats with bilateral suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) lesions, after transplantation of the neonatal SCN into the wall of the third ventricle. Free-running circadian rhythms of the wheel-running activity were recorded in young adult rats at least for a month under constant dark condition. Then, bilateral SCNs were completely lesioned electrolytically under deep pentobarbital anaesthesia. After further recording for more than two months without obvious circadian rhythmicity in wheel-running activity, the animals were subjected to transplantation of the SCN. SCNs taken from day 1 neonatal rats were transplanted by injecting the grafts into the third ventricle of the host rat under pentobarbital anaesthesia. After recovery from the procedure, the rat was returned to a cage with a running wheel. Food and water were available at all times. Successful transplantation led to restoration of the circadian rhythmicity starting from two weeks and up to three months after the transplantation. To identify the SCN in the transplanted graft, we used an immunohistochemical staining method for the VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and vasopressin. The VIP was located particularly in the ventral area of the SCN, whereas vasopressin was in the dorsal area. In most cases, where circadian rhythmicity was successfully restored, the graft was attached to the caudal wall of the third ventricle.
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PMID:Transplantation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. 348 39


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