UNIPROT:P01185 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enhanced sympathetic nerve activity is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the enhanced vasocontractile response to perivascular stimulation of mesenteric arteries isolated from female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Innervation of mesenteric small arteries was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy while functional studies were conducted in a microvascular myograph. The distribution of nerve terminals immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) was similar in mesenteric small arteries from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats. However, immunointensity of TH or NPY immunoreactivities were much higher in small arteries from SHR compared to WKY. Expressed as percentage of contractions elicited by 124 mM K(+), concentration-response curves for noradrenaline (NA) and NPY were shifted leftward in SHR compared with WKY rats. The combination of noradrenaline (1 microM) and NPY (10 nM) contracted mesenteric arteries from WKY and SHR to higher levels than compared to either contractile agent added alone. The NPY Y(1) receptor antagonist, BIBP 3226, inhibited these contractions with 87 +/- 0.7 and 80 +/- 1.3% (p < 0.05, n = 6) in arteries from WKY and SHR rats, respectively. In arteries incubated with the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, and preactivated with vasopressin, electrical field stimulation evoked contractions which were more pronounced in mesenteric arteries from SHR compared to WKY rats. BIBP 3226 partially inhibited these contractions. In vasopressin-activated arteries BIBP 3226 caused rightward shifts of the concentration-response curves for NPY in mesenteric arteries from SHR rats, but in addition it also abolished the maximal NPY contraction in arteries from WKY rats. In the presence of BIBP 3226, low concentrations (1 pM to 10 nM) of NPY caused relaxations in arteries from WKY, but not in segments from SHR rats. Mechanical removal of the endothelium abolished NPY relaxation in arteries from WKY. In arteries activated with vasopressin and exposed to either forskolin or sodium nitroprusside, the addition of NPY evoked contractions which were more pronounced in arteries from SHR compared to WKY arteries. The present study suggests that enhanced NPY content and vasoconstriction to NPY in arteries from hypertensive rats can contribute to the enhanced sympathetic nerve activity and vascular resistance in female hypertensive rats. Endothelial cell dysfunction as well as alterations in smooth muscle response to NPY seem to contribute to the enhanced vasoconstriction in arteries from hypertensive animals.
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PMID:Enhanced neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and vasoconstriction in mesenteric small arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1290 38

We have studied the organization of the hypothalamus in an Australian diprotodontid metatherian mammal, the wallaby ( Macropus eugenii), using cytoarchitectural, histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Coronal sections of adult brains were processed for Nissl staining, histochemical reactivity (cytochrome oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase) and immunohistochemistry (antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin, calretinin, non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein, oxytocin and vasopressin). The distribution of immunoreactive neurons for these substances was mapped with the aid of a computer-linked microscope. In general, the wallaby hypothalamus showed a similar nuclear organization to that seen in rodents. The paraventricular nucleus could be divided into several subdivisions based on the different cellular parcellation, similar to that described in rodents. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus had cell-sparse dorsomedial and cell-dense ventrolateral subdivisions as seen in eutheria, suggesting a similar functional compartmentalization in all theria. The positions of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the wallaby hypothalamus were also similar to those in eutheria. Oxytocin and vasopressinergic neurons were found in all the same major nuclear groups as seen in eutheria, although a nucleus circularis could not be identified. The general similarities between wallaby and eutherian hypothalamus indicate that the basic chemo- and cytoarchitectural features of the hypothalamus are common to eutheria and metatheria and validate the use of the wallaby as a mammalian model of wide applicability in investigations of hypothalamic functional development.
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PMID:Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the hypothalamus of a wallaby ( Macropus eugenii) with special emphasis on oxytocin and vasopressinergic neurons. 1451 76

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is caused by the impaired cleavage of the embryonic prosencephalon, and in the severest type, alobar HPE, the normally bilateral diencephalon and basal ganglia are fused and tend to incorporate into the upper brainstem. The detailed neuropathological features of HPE remain to be elucidated, although disturbed regulation in body temperature and electrolyte balance are frequently observed. We immunohistologically examined the expression of hypothalamic hormones, neurotransmitters, calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides in six female autopsy cases of alobar HPE. Eight age-matched controls formed the comparative basis for the immunoreactivity of these markers during the fetal period. Neurons immunoreactive for either vasopressin or orexin-A were noted in the fused diencephalon in five HPE cases, and colocalization of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase occurred in HPE cases surviving more than 6 months. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers and neurons were observed in the fused diencephalon and basal ganglia in all the six cases. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive structures were identified in the fused diencephalon and basal ganglia in five cases, and the apparent red nucleus was identified by anti-parvalbumin immunostaining in two cases aged more than 1 year. Five cases demonstrated substance P-immunoreactive structures in the diencephalon, and a substantia nigra-like structure in the midbrain was visualized by immunostainings for both tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in four cases. Only two cases aged more than 1 year had immunoreactivity for methionine-enkephalin in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. These data suggest that the fused diencephalon and basal ganglia exhibited functional developments in alobar HPE, and the disturbed expression of the markers may be involved in hypothalamic and/or motor abnormalities in patients.
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PMID:Neuropathological evaluation of the diencephalon, basal ganglia and upper brainstem in alobar holoprosencephaly. 1468 95

This study was aimed to evaluate the reaction of the vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in rats to single or repeated hypergravity (HG). Special attention was paid to the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in VP neurons as a marker of the neuron activation. Rats were revolved in a centrifuge with overloading 2G for 5 days or 34 days as well as for 34 days plus 5 days with an interval of 39 days between two rotations. Control rats were kept in a centrifuge room. Radioimmununoassay, quantitative and semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to evaluate: a) VP concentration in the pituitary posterior lobe (PL) and in plasma; b) the number of VP-, OT- and TH-immunoreactive neurons in the SON; c) the optic density of VP-, OT- and TH-immunoreactive materials in cell bodies (SON) and distal axons (PL), d) the optic density of VP and OT mRNAs signals (S35) in the whole SON on microfilms. According to our data, VP neurons were strongly activated during HG (5 days or 34 days) that was manifested in the functional hypertrophy of the neurons, greatly increased concentrations of VP mRNA in the SON and VP in plasma, the onset of the TH expression. The neurons showed initially (5 days) the functional insufficiency (VP release > VP synthesis) followed by their adaptation (subsequent 29 days) to the increased need in VP (VP release < VP synthesis). No reaction of VP neurons was observed to repeated HG. In contrast to VP neurons, OT neurons did not react to short-term HG or showed functional depression after the long-term treatment.
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PMID:Influence of hypergravity on hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in rats. 1470 80

The quantity and topography of activated vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXY), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons were studied immunohistochemically in the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the PVN and SON in mice 60 min after a single injection of hypertonic saline (HS, 400 microl 1.5M, i.p.). Fos-neuropeptide double-stainings revealed: (1) Fos expression in each portion of the PVN and SON; (2) maximal number of Fos-AVP (79 cells) and Fos-OXY (50 cells) double-labelings in the middle portion of the PVN; (3) low number of Fos-TH perikarya in the PVN and their lack in the SON; (4) similar incidence (around 50%) of Fos-AVP and Fos-OXY perikarya in the SON; and (5) presence of activated AVP, OXY, and TH neurons in the periventricular, subependymal, and sub-PVN zones of the PVN. Topographic analysis revealed that the majority of AVP neurons expressing Fos occupied the dorsolateral and central part of the middle portion of the PVN. In the same PVN portion, Fos-OXY neurons occurred in similar frequency, however, they were primarily distributed along the lateral and medial margins of the PVN. In the SON, Fos-OXY cells occupied mainly its dorsal, while Fos-AVP cells predominated in its ventral part. The data clearly indicate that HS is not a selective stimulus neither for PVN nor SON itself and provide evidence that both PVN and SON AVP and OXY cells play important role in the mediation of signals induced by HS. In addition, the limited number of AVP, OXY, and TH neurons activated by HS may account for their differential functional specializations selective for stress/osmotic circuits activated by HS.
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PMID:Fos protein expression in mouse hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei upon osmotic stimulus: colocalization with vasopressin, oxytocin, and tyrosine hydroxylase. 1523 1

The haemodynamic response to blood loss consists of three phases: (i) an initial compensatory phase during which resting arterial pressure is maintained; (ii) a decompensatory phase characterized by a sudden, life-threatening hypotension and bradycardia; and (iii) if blood loss ceases, a recompensatory phase during which arterial pressure returns to normal. Previous research indicates that topographically distinct, rostral and caudal parts of the caudal midline medulla (CMM) contain neurons that differentially regulate the timing and magnitude of each of the three phases. Specifically, decompensation depends critically on the integrity of the rostral CMM; whereas compensation and recompensation depend upon the integrity of the caudal CMM. This study aimed to determine, using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques, if the rostral and caudal CMM gave rise to different sets of projections to the major cardiovascular region of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and spinal cord. It was found that rostral and caudal CMM each have projections of varying density to the region containing bulbospinal (presympathetic) motor neurons in the rostral VLM and preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. Via these projections vasomotor tone and hence arterial pressure can be regulated. More strikingly: (i) consistent with a role in mediating bradycardia during decompensation, the rostral CMM projects uniquely to VLM regions containing vagal cardiac motor neurons; and (ii) consistent with its role in mediating recompensation, the caudal CMM projects uniquely onto tyrosine hydroxylase-containing, caudal VLM (A1) neurons whose activity mediates vasopressin release, on which recompensation depends.
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PMID:Haemorrhage-evoked decompensation and recompensation mediated by distinct projections from rostral and caudal midline medulla in the rat. 1545 89

In transgenic mice expressing an antisense mRNA against the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which partially blocks GR expression, impaired glucocorticoid feedback efficacy is accompanied by reduced hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) activity and reduced peripheral sympathetic tone, indications of a shift in the balance of hypothalamic CRH and sympathetic regulation. As angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates CRH, AVP and sympathetic activity, we studied the expression of Ang II receptors in the hypothalamus and adrenal gland of GR transgenic and wild-type mice, adrenal catecholamines and mRNA for their rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We found that transgenic mice expressed significantly less numbers of Ang II AT(1) receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and median eminence, lower numbers of AT(2) receptors in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and lower numbers of AT(2) receptors in the adrenal medulla when compared with wild-type controls. The expression of TH mRNA and the concentration of adrenomedullary epinephrine and norepinephrine were also lower in transgenic mice when compared with wild-type controls. Decreased hypothalamic and adrenal Ang II receptor stimulation as a result of decreased GR expression may explain the decreased hypothalamic CRH and AVP and decreased adrenomedullary and sympathetic activities in this model.
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PMID:Decreased hypothalamic and adrenal angiotensin II receptor expression and adrenomedullary catecholamines in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function. 1558 74

In order to establish the involvement of particular neurochemical brain groups in the response to blood volume expansion, we analyzed Fos-labeling in combination with immunolabeling for serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin, 90 min after a sham or i.v. isotonic blood volume expansion (BVE) in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. We also examined the changes in concentration of oxytocin, atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin plasma, induced by blood volume load, to confirm our previous studies. The results demonstrate the participation of specific paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus groups of cells (oxytocinergic-vasopressinergic), serotoninergic dorsal raphe nucleus cells and catecholaminergic A1/A2/A6 groups (in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract and locus coeruleus respectively), in the regulatory response to BVE. They provide detailed neuroanatomical evidence to support previous observations showing the contribution of these neurochemical systems in the neural, behavioral and endocrine response to isotonic BVE.
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PMID:Neurochemical brain groups activated after an isotonic blood volume expansion in rats. 1588 15

Neuropeptide B (NPB) is a recently identified endogenous ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. NPB mRNA is expressed in the human, rat, and mouse brain. With the use of an antiserum directed against the rat NPB, immunoreactivity to NPB (irNPB) was detected in several discrete areas of the hypothalamus and midbrain. In the hypothalamus, irNPB cells were present in the medial preoptic area and nucleus, ventromedial preoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, accessory neurosecretory nuclei, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic retrochiasmatic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, and zona incerta. A few irNPB perikarya were noted in the arcuate nucleus, whereas a dense network of nerve fibers was present in the median eminence. In the midbrain, irNPB somata were noted in the substantia nigra (compact, reticular, medial, and lateral parts), paranigral nucleus, ventral tegmental area, interfascicular nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. Neurons in the Edinger-Westphal were strongly labeled. Labeled cells were not detected in the cortex, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord; few lightly labeled cells were occasionally seen in the hippocampus. Double labeling the hypothalamic sections with NPB antiserum and vasopressin or oxytocin antibody revealed that a population of vasopressin- but not oxytocin-immunoreactive cells was irNPB. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the midbrain, presumably dopaminergic, were irNPB. The distribution of irNPB neurons in several areas of the hypothalamus and midbrain together with the colocalization with vasopressin or tyrosine hydroxylase suggests that the peptide may subserve neuroendocrine, autonomic, and motor functions.
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PMID:Neuropeptide B immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. 1591 Jul 74

The role of apoptotic signaling proteins for long-lived neurons in the mature brain is poorly understood. Recently, we have shown that water deprivation leads to the activation of vasopressin (VP) secretion and expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-9 apototic proteins in the hypothalamus of the rat brain. In the present work, we continued to study a possible relationship between the functional activity of neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and apoptosis related proteins. We found that water deprivation leads to simultaneous activation of synthesis of VP and p53 and Bcl-2 apoptotic proteins in the mouse brain. To study a possible effect of apoptotic proteins on the functional state of hypothalamic neurons, the VP and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) synthesis were analyzed in p53, p21(Waf1/Cip1) and Bcl-2 deficient mice. Loss of p53 and Bcl-2 significantly reduced VP synthesis in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and TH expression in arcuat, periventricular and zona incerta nuclei of the hypothalamus. Surprisingly, in contrast with the loss of p53, the inactivation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) up-regulates the expression of VP and TH. These data indicate that p53, p21(Waf1/Cip1) and Bcl-2 proteins, besides affecting cell cycle, tumor suppression and apoptosis, may act as modulators of neurosecretory activity of hypothalamic neurons; however, this problem remains to be determined more detailed.
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PMID:Apoptotic signaling proteins: possible participation in the regulation of vasopressin and catecholamines biosynthesis in the hypothalamus. 1613 24

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