UNIPROT:P01185 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have investigated with histochemical techniques the expression of peptides and other neurochemical markers in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb of male mice, in which the genes encoding the alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors (TRalpha1, TRbeta1 and TRbeta2) have been deleted. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA levels were increased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and in the medullary raphe nuclei of mutant mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptors alpha1 and beta (alpha1(-/-)beta(-/-)), as compared to wild-type mice. In contrast, galanin messenger RNA levels were lower in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of mutant animals, as was galanin-like immunoreactivity in the internal layer of the median eminence. Substance P messenger RNA levels were unchanged in the medullary raphe nuclei. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger RNA levels were increased in motoneurons, unchanged in the subiculum, and lower in the amygdala of mutant animals. Galanin messenger RNA levels were unchanged in the hypothalamic dorsomedial and arcuate nuclei of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha1(-/-)beta(-/-) mice, as was the immunocytochemistry for oxytocin and for vasopressin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. A reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA levels was found in the arcuate nucleus of mutant mice. In the olfactory bulb, immunohistochemistry for calbindin and for tyrosine hydroxylase revealed a reduction in the intensity of labeling of nerve processes in the glomerular layer of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1(-/-)beta(-/-) mice. The tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA levels were also slightly reduced. In contrast, the levels of galanin and neuropeptide Y messenger RNA in this region were unchanged in thyroid hormone receptor alpha1(-/-)beta(-/-) mice as compared to wild-type mice. Together these studies reveal many regional and neurochemically selective alterations in neuronal phenotype of mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors.
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PMID:Expression of peptides and other neurochemical markers in hypothalamus and olfactory bulb of mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors. 1111 49

Sensory input from female reproductive structures is paramount for the co-ordination of neuroendocrine changes at parturition. Using a retrograde tracer (fluorescent latex microspheres) in combination with Fos (as an indicator of neuronal activation) and tyrosine hydroxylase (to identify catecholaminergic neurons) immunocytochemistry we identified cells within the brainstem and main olfactory bulb that project to the supraoptic nucleus, and which become significantly activated at parturition (compared to virgin rats and rats on the day of expected parturition). Within the A2/C2 region in the nucleus tractus solitarii, 60% of the projecting activated cells were catecholaminergic, as were 59% of such cells in the A1/C1 region of the ventrolateral medulla. This suggests that oxytocin and vasopressin neurons within the supraoptic nucleus are stimulated at parturition via afferent inputs from the brainstem, but the input is not exclusively noradrenergic. Within the mitral layer of the main olfactory bulb, cells that projected to the supraoptic nucleus were significantly activated, suggesting that the olfactory system may regulate supraoptic nucleus cell firing at parturition. The preoptic area, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and medial amygdala contained cells that projected to the supraoptic nucleus but these projections were not significantly activated at parturition, although non-projecting cells in these regions were. On the expected day of parturition, but before birth, projections from the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus became significantly activated. These findings provide evidence of direct afferent pathways to the supraoptic nucleus from the brain stem and olfactory bulbs that are activated at parturition.
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PMID:Direct pathways to the supraoptic nucleus from the brainstem and the main olfactory bulb are activated at parturition in the rat. 1111 50

The dynamics of intracellular contents of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase in neuron bodies were studied in the supraoptic nucleus and the distant segments of their axons in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis in rats in conditions of salt loading lasting one, two, and three weeks. The number of vasopressin-immununoreactive neurons increased by the end of the second week of osmotic stimulation, due to the onset of vasopressin synthesis in neurons not synthesizing this hormone in normal physiological conditions. The vasopressin concentration decreased in cell bodies and axons during the first two weeks of salt loading, apparently because vasopressin release occurred at a greater level than vasopressin synthesis. During the third week, the intracellular vasopressin content remained essentially constant, demonstrating the establishment of dynamic equilibrium between the synthesis and release of the hormone. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in neuron bodies and axons, at least in the largest swellings (Herring bodies), gradually increased, demonstrating that the rate of tyrosine hydroxylase was greater than its rate of enzymatic degradation. Thus, chronic stimulation of vasopressin neurons was accompanied by a series of adaptive reactions, the most important of which appears to be the expression of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis by neurons which do not normally synthesize these compounds.
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PMID:The responses of vasopressin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in rats to chronic osmotic stimulation. 1112 88

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a relatively new neuropeptide, and it has a potent stimulatory effect on adenylate cyclase activity in rat pituitary cells. However, the role of PACAP in the physiological control of prolactin (PRL) secretion is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the physiological significance of endogenous PACAP on PRL secretion in lactating rats. On lactation days 7-8, pups were separated from their mother rats for 5 h before the onset of suckling and PACAP6-38 (16 microg), a receptor antagonist, was injected through the lateral ventricle cannula just after the removal of pups. The effects of PACAP6-38 on PRL and oxytocin secretion, and on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were examined after the onset of suckling. Administration of PACAP6-38 inhibited PRL levels in response to suckling, but it did not affect the activity of TH, as measured by DOPA accumulation at 15 min after administration of NSD 1015 (25.0 mg/kg), an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, or the plasma concentrations of oxytocin in lactating rats. Injection of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT; 50 mg/kg), an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis, increased PRL levels, and suckling caused a further increase in the plasma concentrations of PRL. An injection of PACAP6-38 (i.c.v.) also inhibited the PRL response to suckling under dopamine depletion. These results suggest that endogenous PACAP acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator within the hypothalamus and plays an important role for PRL secretion in lactating rats. Endogenous PACAP may regulate PRL secretion, possibly mediated by PRL-releasing factors such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or vasopressin.
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PMID:Antagonist of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide suppresses prolactin secretion without changing the activity of dopamine neurons in lactating rats. 1117 19

The neural control of the subcommissural organ (SCO) has been partially characterized. The best known input is an important serotonergic innervation in the SCO of several mammals. In the rat, this innervation comes from raphe nuclei and appears to exert an inhibitory effect on the SCO activity. A GABAergic innervation has also been shown in the SCO of the rat and frog Rana perezi. In the rat, GABA and the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase are involved in the SCO innervation. GABA is taken up by some secretory ependymocytes and nerve terminals, coexisting with serotonin in a population of synaptic terminals. Dopamine, noradrenaline, and different neuropeptides such as LH-RH, vasopressin, vasotocin, oxytocin, mesotocin, substance P, alpha-neoendorphin, and galanin are also involved in SCO innervation. In the bovine SCO, an important number of fibers containing tyrosine hydroxylase are present, indicating that in this species dopamine and/or noradrenaline-containing fibers are an important neural input. In Rana perezi, a GABAergic innervation of pineal origin could explain the influence of light on the SCO secretory activity in frogs. A general conclusion is that the SCO cells receive neural inputs from different neurotransmitter systems. In addition, the possibility that neurotransmitters and neuropeptides present in the cerebrospinal fluid may also affect the SCO activity, is discussed.
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PMID:Neural input and neural control of the subcommissural organ. 1124 62

Using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization and image analysis, we attempted to compare the dynamical expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasopressin (VP) mRNAs and proteins in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in rats drinking 2% NaCl for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Three stages in the reaction of VPergic neurons have been distinguished. The initial stage (first week) showed a synchronous activation of TH and VP mRNAs and protein expression as well as an increased number of TH-immunoreactive neurons. The next stage (second week) was characterized by a further increase in the number of TH-immunoreactive neurons. The number of VPergic neurons also increased significantly. Although the TH and VP mRNAs levels fell during the second week of osmotic stimulation, the TH content increased significantly, and the VP content remained at the same level. During the last stage (third week), TH-immunoreactive neurons increased in number and were as numerous as VP-immunoreactive neurons in intact rats. These data suggest that, finally, all the VPergic neurons begin to synthesize TH. The concentrations of VP and TH mRNAs did not change during the third week of osmotic stimulation, while the VP and TH contents increased. Thus, our study shows that there is a correlation between TH expression and VP expression and suggests similar mechanisms for the regulation of VP and TH gene expression and synthesis during long-term osmotic stimulation.
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PMID:Dynamical study of tyrosine hydroxylase expression and its correlation with vasopressin turnover in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptico-posthypophysial system under long-term salt loading of adult rats. 1175 1

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is expressed in catecholaminergic neurons. However, under certain conditions it is also ectopically expressed in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus. To test the hypothesis that this expression of TH is related to the cellular activation of these neurons and/or to the vasopressin (VP) expression, we studied the expression of both TH and VP in control and salt-loaded aged rats. Our results demonstrate that aged rats show a marked TH expression in VP cells which is further increased by osmotic stimulation in the absence of increase in VP synthesis in the supraoptic nucleus. The presence of TH-immunopositive dendritic swellings in the ventral part of this nucleus reveals the high state of plasticity of these neurons. Furthermore, the lack of several actors of catecholamine biosynthesis in these neurons suggests a different role for TH. This study further demonstrates an ectopic expression of TH in hypothalamic neurons of aged rats and a TH expression linked to the activation of VP neurons but unrelated to VP synthesis.
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PMID:Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and vasopressin in magnocellular neurons of salt-loaded aged rats. 1181 Jul 11

Our previous studies indicated that in the human paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)--the first and rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis--is localized mainly in magnocellular neurons and that antemortem factors regulate its expression. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution of TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) perikarya of the hypothalami of a large sample of well-documented adult subjects without neurological, psychiatric or endocrinological disease in order to identify factors that could regulate the expression of TH in the human neurosecretory neurons. Our material consisted of the hypothalami of 38 subjects studied immunohistochemically for TH using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Striking individual differences were observed among the subjects studied concerning the number and distribution of TH-IR perikarya within the PVN and SON. These differences were evident throughout the entire rostrocaudal length of the hypothalamus and appeared to be related neither to the age or sex of the subjects nor to the postmortem interval or staining procedures. In the sample studied, a large number of TH-IR perikarya were observed specifically in all subjects that had suffered from right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension, liver cirrhosis or dehydration. In all the above illnesses, increased production and secretion of vasopressin (VP) are reported to occur due to a decrease in 'effective' blood volume or to osmotic stimulation. We conclude that somatic illnesses leading to prolonged osmotic or nonosmotic stimulation of VP release may induce increased expression of TH immunoreactivity in the human neurosecretory neurons related to neuronal activation.
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PMID:Increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in paraventricular and supraoptic neurons in illnesses with prolonged osmotic or nonosmotic stimulation of vasopressin release. 1241 42

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF), a morphine modulatory peptide, is emerging as an important neuromodulator in the context of central autonomic and neuroendocrine regulation. NPFF immunoreactivity and receptors have been identified in discrete autonomic regions within the brain and spinal cord, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In this study, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of NPFF on activation of chemically identified PVN neurones that project to the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In conscious rats, i.c.v. NPFF at a dose of 10 micro g, but not 8 micro g, caused an increase in arterial blood pressure. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a dose-dependent increase in activated (Fos positive) PVN neurones following i.c.v. NPFF administration compared to controls receiving i.c.v. saline. Activated PVN neurones were located predominantly in the parvocellular compartment of the nucleus with relatively few Fos positive cells in the magnocellular subdivision. Chemical identification of activated neurones revealed significant number of activated cells to be oxytocin positive, whereas only few vasopressin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) neurones were double-labelled. Injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the NTS resulted in labelling of significant numbers of parvocellular oxytocin, but not vasopressin, TH or CRF, PVN neurones. We conclude that centrally administered NPFF stimulates brainstem-projecting oxytocin PVN neurones. Oxytocin released from terminals within the NTS oxytocin thus modulate the activity of ascending visceral autonomic pathways that synapse initially within the NTS.
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PMID:Central administration of neuropeptide FF causes activation of oxytocin paraventricular hypothalamic neurones that project to the brainstem. 1253 66

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to regulate the release of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON). The aim of the current study was to identify in these nuclei the NO-producing neurons and the NO-receptive cells in mice. The determination of NO-synthesizing neurons was performed by double immunohistochemistry for the neuronal form of NO synthase (NOS), and AVP or OT. Besides, we visualized the NO-receptive cells by detecting cyclic GMP (cGMP), the major second messenger for NO, by immunohistochemistry on hypothalamus slices. Neuronal NOS was exclusively colocalized with OT in the PVN and the SON, suggesting that NO is mainly synthesized by oxytocinergic neurons in mice. By contrast, cGMP was not observed in magnocellular neurons, but in GABA-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and glutamate-positive fibers, as well as in GFAP-stained cells. The cGMP-immunostaining was abolished by incubating brain slices with a NOS inhibitor (L-NAME). Consequently, we provide the first evidence that NO could regulate the release of AVP and OT indirectly by modulating the activity of the main afferents to magnocellular neurons rather than by acting directly on magnocellular neurons. Moreover, both the NADPH-diaphorase activity and the mean intensity of cGMP-immunofluorescence were increased in monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice (Tg8) compared to control mice (C3H) in both nuclei. This suggests that monoamines could enhance the production of NO, contributing by this way to the fine regulation of AVP and OT release and synthesis.
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PMID:The effects of nitric oxide on magnocellular neurons could involve multiple indirect cyclic GMP-dependent pathways. 1258 Nov 64

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