Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many studies have demonstrated that ablation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) alters subsequent immune responses. Researchers have presumed that the altered immune responses are predominantly the result of the peripheral phenomenon of denervation. We, however, hypothesized that chemical sympathectomy will signal and activate the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of the CNS was determined by immunocytochemical visualization of Fos protein in brains from male C57BL/6 mice at 8, 24, and 48 h following denervation. A dramatic induction of Fos protein was found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and other specific brain regions at 8 and 24 h compared to vehicle control mice. Dual-antigen labeling demonstrates that corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons in the PVN are activated by chemical sympathectomy; however, neurons containing neurotransmitters which may modulate CRF neurons, such as vasopressin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and adrenocorticotropin, do not coexpress Fos. Our findings suggest an involvement of the CNS in sympathectomy-induced alterations of immunity.
 ...
PMID:Central nervous system activation following peripheral chemical sympathectomy: implications for neural-immune interactions. 976 58

A significant role of catecholaminergic projection to the median preoptic nucleus (POMe) which activates vasopressin-producing cells of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) has been suggested. We investigated the existence of the synaptic contacts between catecholaminergic fibers from the ventrolateral medulla and the POMe neurons projecting to the PVN. Rats received a retrograde tracer in the PVN and subsequently an anterograde tracer into the catecholaminergic area of the ventrolateral medulla at the level of the area postrema. In the POMe, anterogradely labeled nerve terminals were found to make axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synaptic contacts onto retrogradely labeled neurons. Additional studies in which a retrograde tracer was injected into the POMe revealed that almost all retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventrolateral medulla at the level of the area postrema were immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase, suggesting that projection to the POMe from the ventrolateral medulla is largely limited to catecholamine neurons. These results provide, for the first time, direct evidence that catecholaminergic inputs from the ventrolateral medulla affect POMe neurons projecting to the PVN by way of direct synaptic contact.
 ...
PMID:Synaptic contacts between nerve terminals originating from the ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic area and median preoptic neurons projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 988 41

Substance P receptor-like immunoreactive (SPR-LI) structures and changes following intravenous injection of vasopressin in the medullary visceral zone (MVZ) of the rat were studied by using immunohistochemical methods. In normal control rats the distribution of SPR-LI structure in MVZ generally matched with that of immunostaining against substance P (SP-LI) except in some areas. SPR-LI neurons and dendrites differed in size and shape in different areas of MVZ. Their dendrites could be classified into three types, i.e, wool-shaped, smooth and varicose. Some SPR-LI neurons were also positive for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) . After administration of vasopressin SPR-LI structures became denser, especially at levels of pyramidal decussation (PYX) and area postrema (AP). The dendrites of motor dorsal nucleus of X (NMDX) in the dorsal part of MVZ appeared thin and straight in morphology instead of curl and thick outlooks. These results implicate that some SPR-LI neurons might be involved in the modulation of the cardiovascular stress induced by vasopressin.
 ...
PMID:Distribution of SPR-like immunoreactivity in the medullary visceral zone of the rat and changes following acute myocardial ischemia induced by intravenous injection of vasopressin. 1002 36

The neurotransmitters expressed by neurons activated by D-fenfluramine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) were identified in the hypothalamus, amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Induction of Fos immunoreactivity following D-fenfluramine injection was used as an index of neuronal activation. To test whether D-fenfluramine activated neurons by releasing serotonin from the serotonergic nerve terminals, rats were pretreated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a serotonin reuptake inhibitor that prevents the release of serotonin stimulated by D-fenfluramine, 12 h before D-fenfluramine injection. The approximate percentages of peptidergic neurons that contained Fos immunoreactivity after D-fenfluramine administration were 94% of corticotropin-releasing factor and 22% of oxytocin cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, 6% of oxytocin cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, 36% of enkephalin and 15% of neurotensin cells in the central amygdaloid nucleus, and 19% of enkephalin and 9% of neurotensin cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Fluoxetine pretreatment blocked Fos expression in corticotropin-releasing factor- and oxytocin-expressing cells in the hypothalamus, but not in enkephalin-and neurotensin-expressing cells located in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central amygdaloid nucleus. D-Fenfluramine did not induce Fos immunoreactivity in vasopressin-, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, somatostatin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells in the hypothalamus, and corticotropin-releasing factor-expressing cells in the central amygdaloid nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These results show that D-fenfluramine stimulates corticotropin-releasing factor- and oxytocin-expressing cells in the hypothalamus via serotonin release. The enkephalin- and neurotensin-expressing cells in the amygdala are activated by D-fenfluramine via non-serotonergic mechanisms. Induction of Fos expression by D-fenfluramine in restricted populations of cells suggests a selective activation of neuronal circuitry that is likely to be involved in the appetite suppressant effects of D-fenfluramine.
 ...
PMID:D-Fenfluramine induces serotonin-mediated Fos expression in corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin neurons of the hypothalamus, and serotonin-independent Fos expression in enkephalin and neurotensin neurons of the amygdala. 1021 85

Recent investigations in the rat have implicated a noradrenergic innervation to the horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca as a critical link in a neural circuit that conveys baroreceptor information centrally to inhibit the firing of vasopressin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. In this study we used small intra-diagonal band injections of a retrograde tracer, rhodamine latex microspheres, in combination with tyrosine hydroxylase histochemistry to identify brainstem noradrenergic cells contributing to this innervation. In three cases where tracer injections were limited to the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, we observed 20-50 double-labelled neurons ipsilaterally in the dorsal part of the locus coeruleus (A6) and the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (A2), and bilaterally in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (A1). Double-labelled neurons were also noted in the ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic A10 cell group). Although all major brainstem noradrenergic cell groups contribute fibers to the horizontal limb of the nucleus of diagonal band, data from physiological studies suggest that the noradrenergic A2 neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius are the most likely pathway through which it receives this baroreceptor information.
 ...
PMID:Projections of medullary and pontine noradrenergic neurons to the horizontal limb of the nucleus of diagonal band in the rat. 1036 29

This study has evaluated the dynamic of intracellular vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase contents in the neuron cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus and in the axons of the posterior lobe in rats drinking 2% NaCl for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The number of vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons increased by the end of the second week of osmotic stimulation that might be explained by the onset of vasopressin synthesis in the neurons which do not synthesize this neurohormone under normal physiological conditions. The concentration of vasopressin fell down continuously during the first two weeks of salt-loading, apparently, due to predominance of the vasopressin release over its synthesis. Over the third week of salt-loading, the intracellular concentration of vasopressin was not changed significantly suggesting the establishment of the dynamic equilibrium between the vasopressin synthesis and release. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase in cell bodies and the large axonal swellings, Herring bodies, increased gradually showing that the rate of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis prevailed over that of its enzymatic degradation. Thus, the chronic stimulation of vasopressin neurons is accompanied by a number of the adaptive reactions; the most important is related to the onset of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis in the neurons which do not synthetize both of them under normal conditions.
 ...
PMID:[Response of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase expressing neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus to chronic osmotic stimulation]. 1051 3

Retrograde, transneuronal viral tracing technique combined with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry was used to identify the type of neurons in spinal cord and brain that project to the rat's kidney. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) injections were made into the left kidney. After an incubation of 4 days postinjection, PRV-infected neurons were located immunocytochemically in the ipsilateral intermediolateral (IML) cell column of the spinal cord and several brainstem cell groups: medullary raphe nuclei, ventromedial medulla (VMM), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), A5 cell group and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH). In the medulla, serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei, substance P (SP)-immunoreactive neurons of the raphe obscurus (ROb) nuclei and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons of A5 cells were infected. In the VMM and RVLM, immunoreactive phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) neurons were infected. Some PRV-infected neurons in VMM contain 5-HT immunoreactivity. In the hypothalamus, immunoreactive vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) neurons were infected with PRV. This work indicates that sympathetic outflow to kidney is regulated by different types of neurons and the bulbospinal pathways regulating sympathetic outflow to the kidney are not obviously different from those regulating the other visceral, e.g., adrenal, heart, etc.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of the central cell groups regulating the kidney in the rat. 1052 46

Hypothalamic magnocellular neurons constitute a good model of neurochemical plasticity, because a single neuron can express various combinations of neuropeptides and enzymes under different physiological conditions. Tyrosine hydroxylase has been shown to occur ectopically in various non-catecholaminergic neurons. We investigated the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and its possible role in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in salt-loaded and lactating rats, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, alone or combined, in light and electron microscopy. Our results demonstrated that almost 25% of the magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and 15% in the paraventricular nucleus expressed tyrosine hydroxylase in salt-loaded rats, and 10% in the supraoptic nucleus of two-day lactating rats. Double labelling showed that this tyrosine hydroxylase was essentially synthesized in magnocellular neurons expressing vasopressin. The ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase was less homogeneous in the cytoplasm of magnocellular neurons than in periventricular neurons. In lactating and salt-loaded rats, magnocellular neurons were devoid of the catecholamine biosynthesis markers aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine and GTP-cyclohydrolase I. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression did not increase after rats were injected with reserpine. Our results indicate that the phenotype of the magnocellular neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase in lactating and salt-loaded rats is non-catecholaminergic, and suggest that this tyrosine hydroxylase might be involved in osmoregulation.
 ...
PMID:Ectopic expression of non-catecholaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase in rat hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. 1061 5

Our purpose was to investigate the proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons expressing vasopressin (VP) mRNA in the human paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei by combining in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry on the same tissue section. A variability in the proportion of TH-IR neurons synthesizing VP mRNA was observed in adults which was usually more than 50%. In neonates almost all the TH-IR neurons appeared to contain VP mRNA.
 ...
PMID:Simultaneous detection of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity and vasopressin mRNA in neurons of the human paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. 1065 Jan 48

In the present study we have used the detection of Fos, the protein product of c-fos, to determine the distribution of neurons in the medulla and hypothalamus that are activated by changes in central blood volume. Experiments were conducted in both barointact and barodenervated conscious rabbits, to determine the contribution of arterial baroreceptors to the pattern of Fos expression evoked by changes in central blood volume, induced either by intravenous infusion of an isotonic modified gelatin solution, or by partial occlusion of the vena cava. These procedures resulted in a significant increase and decrease, respectively, in right atrial pressure over a 60 min period. In control experiments, barointact and barodenervated rabbits were subjected to the identical procedures except that no changes in central blood volume were induced. In comparison with the control observations, central hypervolaemia produced a significant increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, the caudal, intermediate and rostral parts of the ventrolateral medulla, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and median preoptic nucleus. The overall pattern of Fos expression induced by central hypervolaemia did not differ significantly between barointact and barodenervated animals. Similarly, the overall pattern of Fos expression induced by central hypovolaemia did not differ significantly between barointact and barodenervated animals, but did differ significantly from that produced by hypervolaemia. In particular, central hypovolaemia produced a significant increase in Fos expression in the same regions as above, but also in the subfornical organ and organum vasculosum lamina terminalis. In addition, compared with central hypervolaemia, hypovolaemia produced a significantly greater degree of Fos expression in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and supraoptic nucleus. Furthermore, double-labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity demonstrated that neurons in the ventrolateral medulla that expressed Fos following hypovolaemia were predominantly catecholamine cells, whereas following hypervolaemia they were predominantly non-catecholamine cells. Finally, double-labelling for vasopressin immunoreactivity demonstrated that the number of Fos/vasopressin immunoreactive cells in the supraoptic nucleus was approximately 10 times greater following hypovolaemia compared with hypervolaemia, but there were very few such double-labelled neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in response to either stimulus. The results demonstrate that central hypervolaemia and hypovolaemia each induces reproducible and specific patterns of Fos expression in the medulla and hypothalamus. The degree and pattern of Fos expression was unaffected by arterial baroreceptor denervation, indicating that it is primarily a consequence of inputs from cardiac receptors, together with an increase in the level of circulating hormones such as atrial natriuretic peptide, angiotensin II or vasopressin. Furthermore, the pattern of Fos expression produced by central hypervolaemia and hypovolaemia is distinctly different from that evoked by hypertension and hypotension, respectively [Li and Dampney (1994) Neuroscience 61, 613-634], particularly in hypothalamic regions. These findings therefore indicate that the central pathways activated by changes in blood volume are, at least in part, separate from those activated by changes in arterial pressure.
 ...
PMID:Activation of brain neurons following central hypervolaemia and hypovolaemia: contribution of baroreceptor and non-baroreceptor inputs. 1065 30


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>