Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with two-color immunoperoxidase staining, boutons stained with antisera to substance P (SP), serotonin (5HT) and oxytocin (OX) have been observed in contiguity with neurons in the rostral and caudal medulla that showed immunoreactivity for phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), respectively, and which were backfilled with HRP injected into the diencephalon. The juxtaposition of these immunostained structures indicates that SP, 5HT and OX released from fibers in the medulla may affect the activity of adrenergic and noradrenergic medullary neurons that project to the diencephalon. Moreover, the presence of 5HT- and OX-immunoreactive processes in contiguity with medullary CA cells that send fibers to the diencephalon indicates that the raphe nuclei and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus can directly influence ascending pathways that are known to innervate the hypothalamus and appear to effect changes in vasopressin release.
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PMID:Evidence for substance P, serotonin and oxytocin input to medullary catecholamine neurons with diencephalic projections. 246 99

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the extent to which several peptides and serotonin coexist with substance P or somatostatin in selected lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat. The technique for the simultaneous visualization of two antigens by immunofluorescence was used to investigate the coexistence of neuropeptides in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of colchicine-treated cats. Perikarya immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, and substance P were visualized in both the lumbar 5 and 6 dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed for adipokinetic hormone, bombesin, dynorphin A, met-enkephalin, oxytocin, tyrosine hydroxylase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or serotonin in either ganglion examined. Substance P coexisted with calcitonin-gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Somatostatin was colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, and substance P but coexisted with galanin minimally. The cell area of immunoreactive perikarya was also examined. Data concerning the cross-sectional area of immunoreactive cells indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya were generally the largest population observed (up to approximately 6,000 microns2). Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, as well as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, coexisted in populations of cell bodies that had a smaller size (less than 2,000 microns2). These results suggest that certain peptides which coexist in the dorsal root ganglia may provide histochemical markers for functional groups of primary afferent neurons.
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PMID:Lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat: a quantitative study of peptide immunoreactivity and cell size. 247 1

The CNS cell groups that innervate the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons of rats were identified by a transneuronal viral cell body labeling technique combined with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the adrenal gland. This resulted in retrograde viral infections of the ipsilateral sympathetic preganglionic neurons (T4-T13) and caused retrograde transneuronal cell body infections in 5 areas of the brain: the caudal raphe nuclei, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, A5 cell group, and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). In the spinal cord, the segmental distribution of virally infected neurons was the same as the retrograde cell body labeling observed following Fluoro-gold injections in the adrenal gland except there was almost a 300% increase in the number of cells labeled and a shift in cell group distribution. These results imply there are local interneurons that regulate the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons. In the medulla oblongata, serotonin (5-HT)-, substance P (SP)-, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, Met-enkephalin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus nuclei and the ventromedial medulla were infected. In the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral medulla, immunoreactive phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, SP, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and enkephalin neurons were infected. The A5 noradrenergic cells were labeled, as were some somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in this area. In the were infected. The A5 noradrenergic cells were labeled, as were some somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in this area. In the hypothalamus, tyrosine hydroxylase- and SP-immunoreactive neurons of the dorsal parvocellular PVH were infected. Only a few immunoreactive vasopressin, oxytocin, Met-enkephalin, neurotensin, and somatostatin PVH neurons were labeled.
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PMID:CNS cell groups regulating the sympathetic outflow to adrenal gland as revealed by transneuronal cell body labeling with pseudorabies virus. 254 65

The three major classes of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) provide a rich model for studying hormonal and neural influences on multiple neuropeptides expressed in individual cells. A great deal of previous work has examined this problem at the immunohistochemical level, where hormonal and neural influences on peptide levels have been established. In situ hybridization methods were used here to determine whether these effects are accompanied by measurable changes in neuropeptide mRNA levels. In the first series of experiments, the time-course of corticosterone replacement effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA levels in parvicellular neuroendocrine cells of adrenalectomized animals were determined, and a dose-response curve was established. CRH mRNA hybridization remains maximal with plasma levels of steroid up to about 50 ng/ml, then declines sharply between about 60-130 ng/ml, and is just detectable at higher levels. We confirmed that corticosterone decreases vasopressin mRNA levels in this cell group and showed that levels of preproenkephalin mRNA are also decreased, whereas no significant changes in cholecystokinin, beta-preprotachykinin, and angiotensinogen mRNA levels could be detected. Thus, corticosterone decreases some neuropeptide mRNA levels and has no influence on others in this cell group. Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA hybridization is also unaffected in this part of the nucleus. In a second group of experiments, the cell-type specificity of corticosterone influences was examined. It was found that while the hormone depresses CRH mRNA levels in parvicellular neurons, it increases such levels in PVH neurons with descending projections, in certain magnocellular neurosecretory neurons, and in a part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, whereas no influence was detected in the rostral lateral hypothalamic area. Furthermore, the stimulatory effects of corticosterone have different threshold levels in different cell groups. Thus, in different types of neurons, corticosterone may increase, decrease, or have no influence on CRH mRNA levels. In contrast, while corticosterone depresses vasopressin mRNA levels in parvicellular CRH neurons, it has no obvious effects on vasopressin mRNA levels in magnocellular or descending neurons; as with CRH, the effects of corticosterone on vasopressin mRNA levels are cell-type specific. In a third series of experiments it was shown that glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNAs are found in all three cell types in the PVH and that corticosterone tends to produce modest increases in mRNA levels for both receptors. Finally, it was shown that unilateral catecholamine-depleting knife cuts do not change mRNA levels for any of the neuropeptides (or steroid hormone receptors) examined here, although dramatic changes in neuropeptide levels themselves have been shown.4+
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PMID:Differential steroid hormone and neural influences on peptide mRNA levels in CRH cells of the paraventricular nucleus: a hybridization histochemical study in the rat. 256 87

Hypothalamic neurons were grown as single cells in three-dimensional culture. Solitary neurons lacking cell contacts were immunocytochemically examined for inherent expression of vasopressin (VP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Immunoreactive VP and TH were detected within a day. Sixty to eighty-five percent of neurons displayed homogeneously distributed reaction product for VP or TH. One percent exhibited intense punctate staining of somas and varicosities. Few neurons stained for LHRH. Results indicate that hypothalamic neurons can express appropriate neuropeptides and transmitter-specific products without contacting other neurons or nonneuronal cells. Thus, this culture system may provide a useful model to study intrinsic neuronal processes.
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PMID:Solitary hypothalamic neurons inherently express vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase. 257 27

Using 19 antisera raised against neuropeptides, amines or enzymes of amine biosynthesis, an immunohistochemical characterization of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus was performed. The most distinguishing characteristic of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus was the low density of serotonin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres; their concentration was similar to that in surrounding areas. This is different from observations in rodents but similar to those in primates. Moreover, the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus is also characterized by a dense plexus of methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres. This has not been observed in other species. As in other species, such as rodents, the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus contains numerous neurophysin-immunoreactive neurons and a few tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons. After colchicine pretreatment, many intensely stained vasoactive intestinal peptide-, vasopressin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya appeared, and more neurophysin-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed. Thus, although similarities exist among species, there are distinct differences in the neuro-chemical organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the sheep and other species.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus. 259 60

The presence of neurohypophyseal nonapeptides in the adrenal gland of nonmammalian vertebrates and the possible action of these regulatory peptides on corticosteroid secretion have never been investigated. We have applied the indirect immunofluorescence technique to examine whether vasotocin (AVT) and/or mesotocin (MT) are located in frog adrenal (interrenal) tissue. Using antisera against AVT and tyrosine hydroxylase, we found that all chromaffin cells contain an AVT-like peptide. Labeling of consecutive sections with phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase or AVT antibodies showed that both noradrenaline- and adrenaline-storing cells contain AVT-like immunoreactivity. In contrast no labeling of frog adrenal slices was observed using a MT antiserum. At the ultrastructural level, the immunogold technique revealed that the AVT-immunoreactive peptide is sequestered in chromaffin granules with varying electron densities. Filtration of frog adrenal tissue extracts on Sep-Pak C-18 cartridges showed that the elution profile of the AVT-like peptide was similar to that of synthetic AVT. The apparent concentration of AVT in the adrenal was 2.7 ng/g tissue. Since chromaffin cells represent approximately one third of all interrenal cells, the actual concentration of AVT in chromaffin tissue was about 8 ng/g tissue. The role of AVT in the regulation of frog adrenal steroidogenesis was studied in vitro using perifused frog interrenal slices. Graded doses of AVT (10(-10)-10(-7) M) induced a dose-dependent stimulation of both corticosterone and aldosterone secretion. The other neurohypophyseal peptides (vasopressin, oxytocin, and MT) were also able to enhance corticosteroid secretion, but AVT was by far the most potent stimulator of steroidogenesis. Prolonged administration (4 h) of AVT induced a rapid increase in corticosterone and aldosterone output, followed by a gradual decline of corticosteroid secretion. These results show that an AVT-like peptide is stored in chromaffin granules of frog adrenal gland. Our data also indicate that synthetic AVT is a potent stimulator of corticosteroid secretion by frog interrenal cells. Since in amphibians adrenocortical and chromaffin cells are intimately intermingled, these results suggest that AVT produced by chromaffin cells may regulate corticosteroid release locally, through a cell to cell mode of communication.
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PMID:Identification of vasotocin-like immunoreactivity in chromaffin cells of the frog adrenal gland: effect of vasotocin on corticosteroid secretion. 267 89

Physiological evidence indicates that the supraoptic nucleus may be an important integrating region for information relating to body fluid homeostasis. It is known that the supraoptic nucleus receives neural influences from brain receptive zones for plasma osmolality and angiotensin II, as well as from relay centers for blood pressure and blood volume. It is also known that these influences interact to modulate vasopressin release from the supraoptic nucleus. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the neurochemical afferents to the supraoptic nucleus from regions of the lamina terminalis and the brainstem was undertaken. Injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer, doxorubicin, into the supraoptic nucleus was combined with histochemistry of angiotensin II and catecholamines. Following supraoptic nucleus injection, retrograde label was found in forebrain neurons of the subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus, and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals. Some labeled cells in the subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis were also found to contain angiotensin II immunoreactivity. In the brainstem, retrograde label was found in neurons of the A1, A2 and A6 cell groups. Many of these cells were also found to contain catecholamine fluorescence or tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Corroboration of the A2 projection was obtained by lesions of this nucleus, which reduced catecholamine fluorescence in the supraoptic nucleus. These findings provide an anatomical basis for the functional observations that the supraoptic nucleus plays a key integrative role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis.
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PMID:The supraoptic nucleus: afferents from areas involved in control of body fluid homeostasis. 271 Mar 32

The recently discovered cardiac peptides, called atrial natriuretic factors (ANF), act peripherally as hormones which control fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Their renal, adrenal and vascular effects are complemented by central nervous system (CNS) actions to inhibit vasopressin secretion, salt preference, and water intake, and to inhibit the CNS component of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. These central actions of ANF are thought to mirror physiological roles played by endogenous, neuronally derived ANF within the brain. ANF immunoreactivity and binding sites in the anterior pituitary gland and median eminence suggest, as well, neuroendocrine actions of the peptide. We have failed to observe direct pituitary effects of ANF on basal or stimulated pituitary hormone secretion; however, specific hypothalamic actions have been discovered. ANF infusions (IV or cerebroventricular) inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion via, at least in part, an opioid mechanism since naloxone pretreatment blocks the effect. Additionally ANF inhibits catecholamine stimulation of the release of LH-releasing factor in the median eminence. Direct effects of ANF on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons are suggested by the observation that the prolactin-inhibiting action of ANF is prevented by domperidone treatment and is absent following alpha methyl-p-tyrosine inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. These recent results imply neuromodulatory actions of ANF within the CNS that are expressed via interaction with brain peptide and catecholamine systems.
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PMID:Central nervous system actions of atrial natriuretic factor. 284 6


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