Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, neurophysin II, and serotonin in nerve terminals and fibers of sympathetic autonomic areas of the thoracolumbar (T-L) spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically in cats. Densities of these immunoreactive terminals and fibers were estimated in the intermediolateral nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis (IMLf), the nucleus intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). Results for leucine- and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ENK) were similar and immunoreactivity for vasopressin was not observed. The greatest numbers of terminals and fibers in the IMLp region contained ENK, neurotensin-(NT), and serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5HT); terminals and fibers containing substance P-(SP) and neurophysin II-like immunoreactivity (NP2) were intermediate in number, and those containing somatostatin-(SS) and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity (OXY) were generally sparse. In the IC and CA, terminals and fibers containing ENK and NT were dense, those containing SP were moderate, and those containing OXY, NP2, and 5HT were sparsely represented. In the IMLp, where the largest proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) is found, the greatest concentration of terminals and fibers containing ENK was found in segments T1-T8; for NT these segments were T1-T5 and T11-L1, for SP-C8-T2 and T11-L1, for NP2-T4-T7 and L2 to L3, and for 5HT-T1-T5. Terminals and fibers containing SS and OXY were present in segments C8-T10 and segments C8, T2-T8, T13, and L2 to L3, respectively. These results indicate that while ENK, NT, SP, NP2, and 5HT fibers and terminals are widely distributed throughout the T-L cord, they may influence to a greater degree the SPN in segments where they are present in greater numbers. As SS and OXY were not found at all levels of the IMLp, their functions may be more organ specific.
 ...
PMID:Segmental distribution of peptide- and 5HT-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals and fibers of the thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat. 241 41

The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, and neurophysin II in cell bodies of sympathetic autonomic nuclei of the thoracolumbar (T-L) spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically in cats after intrathecal administration of colchicine. Neurons containing only enkephalin-, neurotensin-, somatostatin-, and substance P-like immunoreactivity (ENK, NT, SS, SP, respectively) were found in the intermediolateral nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis (IMLf), the nucleus intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). The size, shape, location, and numbers of the peptide-positive neurons in the IMLp, IMLf, and IC suggested that they were sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN). This was confirmed by a combined retrograde tracing/immunohistochemical study showing that most of these neurons at the levels of the T-L cord known to provide preganglionic fibers to the stellate ganglion were SPN. On the other hand, the functional identification of the neurons in the CA is uncertain as neurons were not observed which were both retrogradely labelled and contained ENK, NT, SS, or SP. Immunoreactive neurons in each area were counted in ten sections from each segment from C8 to L4. In the IMLp, the SPN with ENK were greatest in number (up to 25) in segments T4-T7 and L2-L3. The maximum number of SPN containing NT was found in segments T4-T7 (45 neurons). Of the four peptides, neurons containing SS were found in the greatest number (up to 48 in segments T2-T6); neurons containing SP were found in the smallest number (15 or fewer per segment). Few SPN containing each of the four peptides were found in the IC; CA neurons with ENK and NT were also few in number. A comparison of the numbers of immunoreactive neurons in the IML with earlier estimates for the total numbers of SPN in the IML at each level showed that the proportions of IML neurons containing each of the four peptides were fairly consistent throughout the T-L cord, with some exceptions. These results suggest that the innervation of visceral organs is not obviously peptide-specific, although some organs may be innervated by a greater proportion of SPN containing one of these peptides. Finally, the presence of ENK, NT, SS, and SP in SPN suggests that these four peptides act as neurotransmitters in preganglionic pathways to sympathetic ganglia.
 ...
PMID:Segmental distribution of peptide-like immunoreactivity in cell bodies of the thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat. 241 42

A whole mount immunofluorescence method was used for the localization of immunoreactivity (IR) to four regulatory peptides and the bioamine serotonin in the nervous system of Stenostomum leucops (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes). The flatworm S. leucops belongs to the taxon Catenulida which, according to the new phylogenetic system by Ax [2], forms a key group between the coelenterates and more advanced flatworm species. Positive IR was obtained using antisera against FMRF-amide, beta-endorphin, growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), substance P, and serotonin. The distribution patterns of these neuropeptide-like immunoreactivities differ significantly from each other. Antisera against Leu-enkephalin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), bombesin, cholecystokinin (CCK-8), neurotensin, somatostatin, growth hormone (GH), secretin, and neurophysin II gave negative results. This primitive flatworm shows similarities with hydra in the lack of IR to anti-somatostatin, anti-Leu-enkephalin, and anti-BPP. These antisera give positive IR in more advanced flatworm species, indicating a later convergent evolution of vertebrate-like peptides within the phylum Platyhelminthes.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptides in a microturbellarian--whole mount immunocytochemistry. 242 Dec 67

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl) occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS, CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT, TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers, as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus, although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat. 242 28

An ultrastructural immunocytochemical study was undertaken to identify neuroactive substances contained in presynaptic boutons in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axonal boutons containing immunoreactive gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase, neurophysin/vasopressin, gastrin releasing peptide/bombesin, somatostatin and serotonin were localized within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus with pre-embedding peroxidase immunostaining. Synaptic contacts were found between boutons containing each of these substances and postsynaptic structures. While some variation in synaptic morphology existed, most of the immunoreactive contacts were of the symmetrical type. Previous work has indicated that neuroactive peptides may be found in highest concentrations in dense-core vesicles, to examine the subcellular localization of the amino acid inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyrate, ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with pre-embedding peroxidase was compared with post-embedding immunocytochemistry with colloidal gold. Ultracryothin sections were also used for ultrastructural localization of gamma-aminobutyrate and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity. Both gamma-aminobutyrate and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity were found throughout the cytoplasm of immunoreactive boutons when pre-embedding peroxidase was used; with post-embedding colloidal gold immunostaining, label was found over areas containing small clear vesicles, and over mitochondria of immunoreactive axons. At the dilutions used in this study, strongly immunoreactive gamma-aminobutyrate dendrites, boutons forming asymmetrical synapses, and cell bodies were not found. Differences between pre-embedding and post-embedding immunostaining may be due to antigen and label diffusion caused by mild fixation and membrane damage necessary for antisera penetration during pre-embedding immunostaining. These results suggest that gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, somatostatin and vasopressin are contained in axons making contact with neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and may function as neurotransmitters here. Since all of these substances can also be localized in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, there is a strong possibility that at least some of the axons containing immunoreactivity for each of these substances may be involved in local circuit interactions between neurons within the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
 ...
PMID:Gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, serotonin, somatostatin, and vasopressin: ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization in presynaptic axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 242 91

A bland procedure, conducted in ice, is described for the extraction with HCl of smooth-muscle-contracting substances from plexus-containing ileal longitudinal muscle (l.m.) sheets obtained mainly from rabbits and some guinea-pigs. The spasmogenic activity in rabbit extracts was distinguished from acetylcholine, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by antagonists; and from prostaglandins, by its insolubility in ether at acid pH and by pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin. The fact that it contracts the separated l.m. of the guinea-pig ileum, whether plexus-containing or plexus-free, and in atropine distinguishes it also from methionine-enkephalin, somatostatin, 13-norleucine motilin, bombesin, and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8). This activity was partially purified, first by several partitions with ether at pH 1.4-2.2 and then by treatment at pH 4.5-5 with lead acetate. The virtual absence of ATP was confirmed by the firefly bioluminescence technique. The guinea-pig-ileum-contracting component in the partially purified extracts was destroyed by pepsin, chymotrypsin and DPCC-treated trypsin, indicating its peptide nature and distinguishing it from oxytocin, vasopressin, bradykinin, etc. In parallel assays the partially purified rabbit extracts were considerably more active than Substance P on jird or rat ascending colons than on the guinea-pig l.m., suggesting the presence of a second spasmogenic component in the extracts. In guinea-pig extracts the partially purified activity was 8-16 times greater when plexus-containing than when plexus-free, pointing to Auerbach's plexus as the source of the activity.
 ...
PMID:Extraction and partial purification of spasmogenic substances in Auerbach's plexus. 242 21

Effect of thyroliberin, somatostatin, vasopressin and luliberin on RNA synthesis in isolated calf pituitary, brain cortex, rat liver and rat brain nuclei was assayed. None of the examined neuropeptides affected RNA synthesis.
 ...
PMID:Thyroliberin and other neurohormones have no detectable direct effect on RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. 242 93

The neuropeptide field has witnessed considerable research interest over the past decade, and a growing body of anatomic, biochemical, and electrophysiologic data have since emerged, supporting the existence and putative neuromodulatory function of a large variety of these peptide hormones in several extrahypothalamic brain regions. It is now evident that neuropeptides not only fulfill criteria required of putative neurotransmitters, but more generally act as modulators of neuronal activity. The author discusses vasopressin and oxytocin pathways, corticotropin releasing factor, atrial natriuretic factor, thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, motilin, growth hormone releasing factor, dopamine, gonadotropin releasing hormone, and substance P.
 ...
PMID:Chemical anatomy of the hypothalamus. 243 89

In a previous study (Watts et al., '87) we reexamined the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) with the PHA-L method and found that they could be divided conveniently into six groups of fibers. By far the densest projection ends just dorsal to the SCh in a comma-shaped region designated the "subparaventricular zone," although some fibers continue on through the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to end in the overlying midline thalamus, and others continue on to end in the dorsomedial nucleus, the region around the ventromedial nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area. Other relatively sparse projections from the SCh were also described to the preoptic region, lateral septal nucleus, parataenial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, the same method was used to show that the subparaventricular zone projects in turn massively to these same regions, as well as back to the SCh itself and to the periaqueductal gray. The present series of experiments was designed to confirm these observations with retrograde tracer injections and to investigate the cellular and possible neurotransmitter organization of the major projections from the SCh and subparaventricular zone with a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical method. For this, the distribution of neuronal cell bodies within the SCh that stain with antisera to vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), corticotropin-releasing factor, bombesin, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and angiotensin II was described in detail first. Then the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons that were also stained for one or another of these peptides was described after injections of true blue, or in some cases SITS, into the regions of the subparaventricular zone, the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei of the thalamus, the ventromedial nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the periaqueductal gray. The results confirm previous immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing studies and in addition indicate that cells in dorsal as well as ventral parts of the SCh project to each of the terminal fields examined, as do many cells in surrounding areas, including the subparaventricular zone. Our results also suggest that, at the very least, vasopressin-, VIP-, and neurotensin-stained cells in the SCh project to the subparaventricular zone, midline thalamus, and dorsomedial nucleus, and that the vasopressin and VIP-stained fiber systems are partially segregated at the level of the subparaventricular zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. 243 9

The rostral parts of the cephalic neural plate and neural crest of mice, stage Theiler 12, were prepared and cultured. At that stage of development they exclusively consist of proliferative ventricular cells, which do not yet display vimentin and neurofilament immunoreactivity. 3H-thymidine autoradiography showed that the progenitor cells of neurons became postmitotic as soon as they were taken into culture. The neurofilament protein (kD 68) was immunocytochemically demonstrable from day 2 in culture, while immunoreactivity to vimentin was never observed. The neurons, prematurely developed from the neuroepithelium of stage Theiler 12-embryos, were identified by their histological and immunocytochemical properties. They gave distinct patterns of immunoreactivity to neuropeptides and anti-serotonin antibodies. Anti-serotonin and anti-somatostatin antibodies reacted from the 3rd day of culture. Antibodies against ACTH, luliberin, substance P and vasopressin gave positive reactions at day 7. Two classes of neurons, the serotonin and the large substance P-immunoreactive ones, were recognized by both immunoreactivity and morphology. The serotonin immunoreactive neurons usually were of a multipolar shape and had a long, varicose axon that was heavily stained, particularly at its distal third. The perikarya appeared in limited areas of the cultured tissue. They grew in the vicinity of each other, but never in densely packed aggregates. The large neurons, reacting heavily with antibodies against substance P and faintly with all the other neuropeptide antibodies applied, were up to 50 micron in diameter and usually occurred in 20-40 cells per preparation of half a neural plate. The results suggest that at least some classes of neurons can develop from the cultured neural plates of stage Th12.
 ...
PMID:Ventricular cells from the mouse neural plate, stage Theiler 12, transform into different neuronal cell classes in vitro. 244 39


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>