Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The central nervous system effects of somatostatin-28 on proximal duodenal bicarbonate secretion were studied in freely moving rats. Cerebroventricular administration of somatostatin-28 (0.2-2.0 nmol) significantly stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Somatostatin-28 was approximately twice as effective as somatostatin-14. Intravenous administration of somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 did not significantly alter the bicarbonate response. Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine and truncal vagotomy abolished the stimulatory effect of somatostatin-28 while bretylium, naloxone, indomethacin, and adrenalectomy did not. Furthermore, atropine methylnitrate significantly attenuated and the vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist 4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17-vasoactive intestinal peptide abolished the bicarbonate response produced by cerebroventricular somatostatin-28. In contrast, hypophysectomy and pretreatment with the vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist [1-deaminopenicillamine, 2-(0-methyl)Tyr, 8-Arg]-vasopressin significantly enhanced the bicarbonate response produced by cerebroventricular somatostatin-28. These findings indicate that somatostatin-28 acts within the central nervous system to stimulate duodenal bicarbonate secretion in freely moving rats via vagal efferents by release of vasoactive intestinal peptide and, in part, by a muscarinic pathway and not by catecholamine, opiate, or prostaglandin release.
 ...
PMID:Stimulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion in conscious rats by cerebral somatostatin-28. Role of neurohumoral pathways. 197 31

Somatostatin (ST) and vasopressin (VP) infusions were compared in the treatment of actively bleeding esophageal varices. Fifty-four patients with liver cirrhosis were included in the study. Thirty-two were given ST 4.2 micrograms/min, and 22 patients were given VP 0.4 IU/min for 72 h after endoscopic diagnosis. The role of alcoholic cirrhosis was similar in both groups. Initial control of bleeding was achieved significantly more often (p = 0.0281) when ST was used (84.4%) than during VP treatment (57.1%). Rebleeding occurred in 18.8% and 4.8%, respectively. Side effects of treatment were significantly more common when VP was used than during ST treatment (p = 0.0021). Overall mortality was high in both groups, being 34% in the ST group and 36% in the VP group. ST infusion seems to be more effective and safer than VP in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding. However, the high frequency of rebleeding during ST treatment means that, after primary hemostasis with ST infusion, other methods, such as surgery or sclerotherapy, are needed to prevent the serious complications of rebleeding.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of somatostatin and vasopressin in bleeding esophageal varices. 197 91

Changes in the structure and function of five neuropeptide families during evolution are considered. The families of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH), somatostatin (SS), and vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/Oxy) are used as models to illustrate the importance of a phylogenetic approach in understanding neuropeptide structure/activity relationships, precursors, processing, gene duplication, novel locations and functions, and gene-associated peptides.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptide families: an evolutionary perspective. 197 5

The effects of transient (30') forebrain ischemia (4 vessel occlusion model) on peptidergic neurons and astroglial cells in various diencephalic and telencephalic areas have been analyzed. The study was performed at various time intervals of reperfusion, i.e. 4 h, 1, 7 and 40 days. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactive (IR) neuronal systems and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR glial cells have been visualized by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase procedure using the avidin-biotin technique. The analysis was performed by means of computer assisted microdensitometry and manual cell counting. At the hippocampal level a huge reduction of neuropeptide (CCK, SRIF, VIP) IR cell bodies was observed, still present 40 days after reperfusion. On the contrary, in the frontoparietal cortex the number of the neuropeptide (CCK, SRIF, VIP, NPY) IR neurons showed a decrease at 4 h, 1 and 7 days after reperfusion followed by a complete recovery at 40 days. A rapid reduction followed by an almost complete recovery (7 days after reperfusion) was also observed at striatal level where SRIF- and NPY-IR neurons were detected. A marked decrease of NPY-IR terminals was observed in the paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei and in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. AVP-IR was markedly reduced in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus throughout the analyzed period (7 days after reperfusion). GFAP-IR was increased in the hippocampal formation and neostriatum while a not consistent increase was observed at neocortical level. These data point to a differential recovery of peptide-IR and to a different astroglial response in the various brain areas after transient forebrain ischemia. Region-specific factors rather than factors related to neuronal chemical coding seems to play a major role in determining the vulnerability of neuronal populations to transient ischemia.
 ...
PMID:Effects of transient forebrain ischemia on peptidergic neurons and astroglial cells: evidence for recovery of peptide immunoreactivities in neocortex and striatum but not hippocampal formation. 197 43

There are three distinct phases during which treatment might influence the outcome in patients with portal hypertension and variceal bleeding: treatment of the active bleeding episode, the prevention of recurrent haemorrhage and perhaps most controversially the use of prophylactic therapy to avert the first bleeding episode. For the treatment of active haemorrhage injection sclerotherapy is almost certainly the treatment of choice when the expertise is available. In the absence of such, vasoconstrictor therapy continues to be widely adopted as a temporizing measure. The efficacy of vasopressin as a single agent has been limited by associated cardiovascular complications. The addition of nitroglycerin to a vasopressin regime has recently been shown to reduce such complications and to improve overall efficacy. Somatostatin represents an alternative vasoconstrictor with increasing evidence of efficacy in the absence of serious complications. Long-term injection sclerotherapy is widely accepted as the first line treatment to prevent recurrence of variceal haemorrhage although early rebleeding, prior to the obliteration of varices, represents an important limitation of therapy. Alternative local endoscopic therapy using tissue adhesives or banding of varices are under evaluation. The major claims of benefit initially attributed to oral propranolol for the prevention of rebleeding have now been considerably modified and a specific role remains to be defined. Both injection sclerotherapy and B-adreno-receptor have been proposed as prophylactic therapy to prevent the first variceal haemorrhage. Two extremely positive reports of prophylactic sclerotherapy have received little further support and there are now few protagonists of this approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:A critical review of the medical treatment of portal hypertension. 198 46

Somatostatin (SRIF) receptors are expressed in the external granule cell layer of the rat cerebellum during early postnatal life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution and biochemical characteristics of SRIF binding sites in the cerebellum of homozygous (vasopressin deficient) Brattleboro rats, which exhibit a selective impairment of their granule cell layer. This study has been conducted in 13-day-old rats by means of membrane-binding assay and autoradiography using [125I-Tyr0,DTrp8]S14 as a radioligand. In the cerebellum of homozygous Brattleboro rats, Scatchard plot analysis revealed the existence of a single class of SRIF receptors with similar Kd values as in Long-Evans or heterozygous Brattleboro rats (180-200 pM). Conversely, a marked reduction of the concentration of SRIF binding sites was observed in Brattleboro rats as compared to heterozygous or Long-Evans rats. In homozygous Brattleboro rats, autoradiographic studies revealed that the concentration of SRIF receptors was reduced in all lobules of the cerebellum as compared to Long-Evans. In addition, the magnitude of the decrease of receptor concentration was greater than the loss of granule cells observed in the homozygous Brattleboro rat. These results indicate that the expression of SRIF receptors by immature granule cells of the cerebellum is markedly reduced in Brattleboro rats. Whether the impairment of SRIF receptors in diabetes insipidus rats can directly be ascribed to vasopressin deficiency remains to be determined.
 ...
PMID:Expression of somatostatin receptors is impaired in the cerebellum of developing Brattleboro rats. 198 Aug 50

Somatostatin has been evaluated in the treatment of patients with bleeding varices for the past 10 years. Six controlled trials are published and a large placebo controlled trial has been reported in abstract form. From these trials it appears that somatostatin is at least as effective as vasopressin or H2-antagonists and is more effective than placebo in the control of variaceal haemorrhage. It is also remarkably free of side effects in clinical practice.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatin in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices. 198 13

Balloon tamponade and vasoactive drugs such as vasopressin, glypressin, vasopressin and nitroglycerin combined and somatostatin are the mainstay of noninvasive emergency treatment of bleeding gastroesophageal varices. However, their hemostatic efficacy is limited and recurrent bleeding occurs in at least one half of the patients. Survival is not improved. Unwarranted side effects and complications may be severe. Therefore, vasoactive drugs and balloon tamponade can only serve as temporizing measures until some means of definite control of bleeding such as sclerotherapy is available.
 ...
PMID:[Immediate conservative therapeutic measures in acute variceal hemorrhage (including catheter blockage)]. 198 74

During the past few years more than 30 novel, biologically active peptides have been discovered. Some are produced in endocrine glands and circulate as hormones in the blood; others are contained in the enterochromaffin cells of the gut and may be involved in the regulation of intestinal functions. The vast majority of new peptides, however, have been detected in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they are synthesized in distinct neurons and stored in neurovesicles. Many of these neuropeptides may be involved in circulatory regulation. There is evidence supporting such a role, especially for centrally located angiotensin, opioid peptides, substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), kinins, corticotropin releasing factor, bombesin, and somatostatin. In this review we discuss the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin, neuropeptide Y, and calcitonin gene related peptide.
 ...
PMID:The role of neuropeptides in cardiovascular regulation. 203 31

The human suprachiasmatic nucleus was analysed by immunohistochemical demonstration of various substances in combination with 3-dimensional computerized reconstruction and video overlay facilities. In the human, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is not as compact as in the rodent. Its boundaries are not easily delineated using conventional stains, and it shows no obvious cytoarchitectonic structure. However, based on its chemoarchitecture, the human suprachiasmatic nucleus can be apportioned into five major subdivisions: Dorsal, comprising a crescent shaped mass of densely packed neurophysin/vasopressin-neurons as well as neurotensin-neurons, and also containing 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL)-positive neurons in its medial part. Central, occupying the core of the nucleus and consisting precisely of a region devoid of neurophysin/vasopressin neurons but demarcated by calbindin, synaptophysin, and a circumscribed cluster of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-neurons and containing neurotensin neurons as well. Anteroventrally this division also contains some intermingled neurons positive for neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and FAL. Ventral, extending from the anterior extreme of the preoptic recess caudolaterally to a field between the optic chiasm and the anteroventral margin of the supraoptic nucleus. This subdivision is specified by synaptophysin, calbindin, and substance P immunoreactivity and is almost free of glial fibrillary acidic protein. From its rostral portion, fibers immunoreactive for calbindin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, synaptophysin, and substance P protrude deeply into the optic chiasm. Medial, comprising a thin band between the subependymal zone and the dorsal subdivision, containing scattered somatostatin neurons. External, extending as a band around the dorsal and lateral borders of the nucleus, containing astrocytes expressing the FAL-epitope and scattered neurophysin/vasopressin and neurotensin neurons. These findings indicate that the human suprachiasmatic nucleus contains well-defined subdivisions with different, chemically specific, connections and provides a basis for comparing these subdivisions with the structure and function of subdivisions previously described for the suprachiasmatic nucleus in experimental animals. In addition, the findings strengthen the concept that the human suprachiasmatic nucleus generates and expresses circadian rhythms in a manner similar to that documented for the suprachiasmatic nucleus in experimental animals, and suggest that different subdivisions may subserve specific functional roles.
 ...
PMID:Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus. 203 18


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>