Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An immunocytochemical investigation was carried out on round and spreading hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus by using 20 antisera to vertebrate bioactive peptides. The immunotests showed the presence of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bombesin-, calcitonin-, CCK-8 (INC)-, CCK-39-, gastrin-, glucagon-, Met-enkephalin-, neurotensin-, oxytocin-, somatostatin-, substance P-, VIP-, and vasopressin-immunoreactive molecules in the spreading hemocytes. The round hemocytes were only positive to anti-bombesin, anticalcitonin, anti-CCK-8 (INC), anti-CCK-39, anti-neurotensin, anti-oxytocin, anti-substance P and anti-vasopressin antibodies. No immunostaining was observed with anti-CCK-8 (Peninsula), anti-insulin, anti-prolactin, anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroxin (T4) antibodies. As probably in vertebrates, these bioactive peptides may modulate immuno cell function.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence of vertebrate bioactive peptide-like molecules in the immuno cell types of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). 169 11

An endopeptidase was isolated from Xenopus laevis skin secretions. This enzyme, which has an apparent molecular mass of 100 kDa, performs a selective cleavage at the Xaa-Phe, Xaa-Leu, or Xaa-Ile bond (Xaa = Ser, Phe, Tyr, His, or Gly) of a number of peptide hormones, including atrial natriuretic factor, substance P, angiotensin II, bradykinin, somatostatin, neuromedins B and C, and litorin. The peptidase exhibited optimal activity at pH 7.5 and a Km in the micromolar range. No cleavage was produced in vasopressin, ocytocin, minigastrin I, and [Leu5]enkephalin, which include in their sequence an Xaa-Phe, Xaa-Leu, or Xaa-Ile motif. The endopeptidase activity was inhibited by divalent cation chelators and by phosphoramidon only at high concentrations (IC50 = 50 microM), whereas it was insensitive to classical inhibitors of chymotrypsin, angiotensin convertase, and serine and cysteine peptidases, as well as carboxypeptidases. It is hypothesized that this enzyme, which is distinct from neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11), constitutes the prototype of a family of related metalloendopeptidases that inactivate peptide substrates by cleavage at the Xaa-Phe, Xaa-Leu, or Xaa-Ile bond.
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PMID:A peptide-hormone-inactivating endopeptidase in Xenopus laevis skin secretion. 172 23

Numerous cells containing P-450(F-1) were detected in the magnocellular and parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Electron microscopic analysis of immunoreactive neurons has shown that P-450(F-1) immunoreactivity is present on the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the paraventricular nucleus, the P-450(F-1)-positive magnocellular neurons frequently contained oxytocin and some of them also contained CRF. Vasopressin was colocalized with P-450(F-1), but these neurons did not express CRF. In the supraoptic nucleus, P-450(F-1) was colocalized with oxytocin or CRF in single neurons, but not with vasopressin. No cells exhibiting the colocalization of both P-450(F-1) and somatostatin were observed in these nuclei. The results of the present study concerning colocalization of P-450 and peptides suggest that P-450(F-1) is involved in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neuroendocrine function in the female rat.
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PMID:A sex-specific cytochrome P-450(F-1) colocalized with various neuropeptides in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of female rats. 176 49

The knowledge on the neuronal inputs to the locus coeruleus (LC) and their roles in regulating noradrenergic (NA) cellular activity is quite advanced. In recent years, however, about ten neuropeptides were found to be localized in the area of the rodent LC; peptides which may be considered as potential transmitters or modulators acting in this area. Electrophysiological studies performed in vivo and in vitro have revealed that many of these peptides are able to alter LC neuronal activity. Stimulatory effects have been described with vasopressin, substance P, adrenocorticotropin hormone and corticotropin-releasing factor. Depressant effects were seen with galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and enkephalin. Variable actions were observed in the case of neurotensin. While these findings point to a possible regulatory function of these peptides in this area, precise roles remain unclear. Important information is lacking that would conclusively demonstrate their regulatory functions. It should be determined whether the stimulation of peptidergic cells elicits synaptic effects identical to the ones observed with local exogenous peptide applications. By studying the action of blockers of these transmitter and modulator candidates, we would probably begin to understand their importance in the regulation of tonic and phasic activity components. The LC is generally considered to consist of a homogenous group of neurons. The recent observation that subpopulations of these cells contain peptides as in the case of neuropeptide Y, galanin and vasopressin, points to the possible existence of subgroups of neurons having different functions.
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PMID:Responses of locus coeruleus neurons to neuropeptides. 181 23

This review summarizes the revolutionary impact of brain peptides on our understanding of the nervous system and then discusses the localization, distribution, synthesis, receptor sites, and possible function of 32 brain peptides. The peptides are discussed in three subgroups: I) the opioid peptides, which include beta-endorphin, the enkephalins, and dynorphin; II) the pituitary releasing hormones, most of which are wide-spread in the brain and include corticotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone; and III) a selection of 12 other peptides potentially important for neurological function, including vasopressin, oxytocin, substance P, cholecystokinin, bombesin, neurotensin, renin, angiotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and calcitonin. Within each individual peptide section, the possible physiological roles in anterior pituitary hormone release, blood-flow regulation, feeding behavior, temperature regulation, nociception, memory and learning, and movement are reviewed. Further, where noted, the peptide findings in Huntington's, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and psychiatric diseases are emphasized.
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PMID:Neuropeptides. 187 Jul 24

The modulation of Ca2+ currents by neurotransmitters was studied in freshly dissociated rat spinal cord neurons, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. GABA, baclofen, adenosine, ATP, serotonin, norepinephrine, somatostatin, and dynorphin A inhibited the current through Ca2+ channels in a substantial fraction of cells, while substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, [D-ala2,d-leu5]-enkephalin, cholecystokinin-8 (sulfated), calcitonin gene-related peptide, angiotensin II, neurotensin, vasopressin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone had no effect. In the case of baclofen, the inhibition is mediated, at least in part, by a GTP-binding protein. Suppression of Ca2+ current by neurotransmitters may represent a mechanism of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter modulation of calcium current in rat spinal cord neurons. 196 36

The messenger RNAs coding for vasopressin, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone and somatostatin have been detected in tissue sections of the rat brain, especially in the hypothalamus with radioactive and biotinylated oligonucleotide probes. The results demonstrate that neuropeptide mRNAs are present in the cytoplasm of cell bodies, in processes and in punctate structures in the vicinity of the cell bodies. These results demonstrate that neuropeptide mRNAs can be transported outside the cell body most probably in proximal dendrites but also in some of their branching, and possibly at synaptic contacts. These data suggest that neuropeptide mRNA could undergo a specific compartmentation that could contribute to the targetting of the corresponding peptide inside neurons.
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PMID:Presence of neuropeptide messenger RNAs in neuronal processes. 197 Apr 29

The in vivo labeling of somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin was studied in rat hypothalamus after third ventricular administration of [35S]cysteine to streptozotocin-diabetic and normal rats. Immunoreactive somatostatin levels in hypothalamus were unaffected by diabetes, as was the incorporation of [35S]cysteine into hypothalamic somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28. In contrast, immunoreactive vasopressin levels in hypothalamus and posterior pituitary (and oxytocin levels in posterior pituitary) were below normal in diabetic rats. Moreover, [35S]cysteine incorporation into hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin (probably mainly in the paraventricular nucleus because of its proximity to the third ventricular site of label injection) was significantly above normal. The increments in vasopressin and oxytocin labeling were reversed by insulin administration. In vivo cysteine specific activity and the labeling of acid-precipitable protein did not differ between normal and diabetic animals; effects of diabetes on vasopressin and oxytocin labeling were therefore not caused by simple differences in cysteine specific activity. These results suggest that diabetes 1) does not influence the production of somatostatin peptides in hypothalamus but 2) stimulates the synthesis of vasopressin and oxytocin. For vasopressin at least, the increase in synthesis may be a compensatory response to the known increase in its secretion that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes.
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PMID:In vivo somatostatin, vasopressin, and oxytocin synthesis in diabetic rat hypothalamus. 197 Jul 6

1. The use of radioactive and biotinylated oligonucleotide probes has been optimized to detect and analyze by in situ hybridization, neurons expressing neuropeptide genes (vasopressin, oxytocin, somatostatin). 2. In situ hybridization was performed on cryostat-cut sections obtained from tissues perfused with 1% formaldehyde. Radioactive probes were labeled by tailing with 35S-dATP and revealed with autoradiography. Biotinylated probes were obtained either by the incorporation of 11-biotin dUTP or by the addition of biotinylated nucleotides to the oligonucleotide during its synthesis. Biotin was revealed with streptavidin alkaline phosphatase and the appropriate substrate. 3. In the adult rat brain, radioactive and biotinylated probes revealed peptidergic neurons. The biotinylated probes provided an optimal cellular and subcellular resolution with a sensitivity similar to that observed with radioactive probes. Staining was selectively restricted to the cytoplasm and to the proximal part of processes. 4. Biotinylated vasopressin probes with 10 biotins added demonstrated magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the bed nucleus stria terminalis. 5. Vasopressin gene expression was studied during ontogeny in the rat fetus and neonate. Vasopressin mRNA was first detectable at gestational day 16 in the supraoptic nucleus in neurons of neuroblastic appearance. An aspect similar to the one present in adult was found at gestational day 19 in magnocellular neurons and at day 3 postnatal in parvocellular neurons. 6. The results confirm that radioactive oligonucleotide probes are efficient tools to investigate neuropeptide gene expression by in situ hybridization and demonstrate that biotinylated oligonucleotides are very efficient and provide a much higher resolution than radioactive probes with a reasonable sensitivity.
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PMID:Topography and ontogeny of the neurons expressing vasopressin, oxytocin, and somatostatin genes in the rat brain: an analysis using radioactive and biotinylated oligonucleotides. 197 Jul 59

In individuals above 60 years of age, an age-related decrease in the concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine has been found. This may indicate a neuron loss. As the metabolites are not simultaneously reduced, a compensatory mechanism would seem to exist. In the hypothalamus there are significant positive correlations between the neuropeptides galanin and corticotropin-releasing factor on the one hand, and age over 60 on the other. In brains from patients with dementia of Alzheimer type there are reduced concentrations of cholineacetyl transferase. However, in some brain areas reduced concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, and noradrenaline have also been found. The metabolites homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid are also reduced. These findings indicate that there is not only a neuron loss in these brains but also a dysfunction of the remaining neurons, reducing the compensatory capacity of the brain. Postmortem investigations of hypothalamus from Alzheimer brains have shown reduced concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, the concentrations of galanin, arginin, vasopressin, and somatostatin were significantly increased. The latter may be the result of a disturbed higher control over the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic dysfunction is of interest with regard to the neuroendocrine disturbances seen in Alzheimer-demented patients. Investigations of patients with vascular dementia have suggested the same type of neurotransmitter disturbances as in Alzheimer's disease.
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PMID:Biochemical substrates in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. 197 Aug 89


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