Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mRNA levels of secretogranin II (SgII), VGF and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) were studied in brains of salt loaded rats by in situ hybridization. In these rats the levels of the message for secretogranin II and VGF were increased in the paraventricular, supraoptic and retrochiasmatic nuclei and in the subfornical organ. The increases ranged from 416 to 721% for SgII and from 778 to 890% for VGF. The PAM message was also elevated in these brain regions; however, the maximal increase was only 221%. We conclude that the message for all secretory peptides investigated so far, i.e. vasopressin, galanin, secretogranin II and VGF are upregulated to a similar degree in the hypothalamus of salt-located rats. The relative increase in mRNA for the enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase occurred to a much lower extent, and was comparable to the limited changes previously seen for carboxypeptidase H.
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PMID:In situ hybridization: mRNA levels of secretogranin II, VGF and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase in brain of salt-loaded rats. 850 Sep 92

The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), which receives visceral afferent information from the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and taste systems, contains multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides throughout its rostral to caudal extent. The neurotransmitters and neuropeptides immunoreactivity is located predominately in varicose fibers and small puncta throughout the neuropil. In addition, immunoreactive NTS neurons for a variety of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are present in subnuclear regions. The neuroactive substances localized immunohistochemically in the NTS include acetylcholine, the neuropeptides, substance P, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, FMRMamide, neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, vasopressin, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, the catecholamines, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine and the amino acids, GABA and glutamate. The pattern of innervation for each neurotransmitter and neuropeptide is not homogeneously distributed throughout the NTS. Each substance has a unique pattern within the NTS as each subnuclear region contains different immunohistochemical staining patterns and densities of fibers. At the ultrastructural level both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are present in synaptic terminals that are in contact with different parts of the neuronal membranes. Typically, the labeled terminals contain both small, clear vesicles and large, dense core vesicles with the exception of synaptic terminals containing acetylcholine, GABA and glutamate which do not typically have the large, dense core vesicles. The most frequent post-synaptic target are dendrites and spinous processes. Less frequently, synaptic contacts are present on the cell soma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in the nucleus solitarius. 867 Jul 16

The magnocellular oxytocin neurons within the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (PVN and SON) of the hypothalamus are important relays in the milk ejection reflex in lactating animals, and are activated by suckling. It has been suggested that proto-oncogene transcription factors such as Fos/Jun act as early nuclear transducers of sensory stimuli in neurons. Therefore, we have studied with immunohistochemistry Fos-related antigens (FRAs) as a marker for neuronal activity in the PVN and SON during suckling in lactating rats. In nonlactating rats, only few cells exhibiting FRAs were observed in these nuclei. Also in lactating rats subjected to continuous suckling Fos-like activity was low. In contrast, lactating rats separated from their pups for 4 h and then exposed to suckling for 1 h expressed strong Fos-like immunoreactivity, both in vasopressin and oxytocin neurons. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we have also investigated the expression of the mRNAs for oxytocin, dynorphin, galanin and galanin message-associated peptide and of oxytocin and dynorphin in the PVN of lactating and nonlactating rats. In lactating rats, an increase in oxytocin and dynorphin and their mRNAs was observed, whereas mRNAs for galanin and galanin message-associated peptide were downregulated. With the help of immunohistochemistry and double-staining methods, a substantial coexistence between oxytocin- and dynorphin-like immunoreactivities was shown in magnocellular neurons. These results indicate that FRAs are activated in the PVN in the beginning of a suckling period, while this response cannot be seen after continuous stimulation. Furthermore, in the PVN of lactating rats, an upregulation of oxytocin and dynorphin occurs while galanin expression decreases. Finally, the coexistence between oxytocin and dynorphin is more pronounced in lactating rats and nonlactating female rats than has previously been described in male rats.
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PMID:Expression of Fos-related antigens, oxytocin, dynorphin and galanin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of lactating rats. 873 91

Addition of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) to H 69, H 345, and H 510 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells led to a rapid concentration- and time-dependent increase in p42mapk activity. PD 098059 [2-(2'-amino-3'-methoxyphenyl)-oxanaphthalen-4-one], a selective inhibitor of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 1, prevented activation of p42mapk by PDB in SCLC cells. PDB also stimulated the activation of p90rsk, a major downstream target of p42mapk. The effect of PDB on both p42mapk and p90rsk activation could be prevented by down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by prolonged pretreatment with 800 nM PDB or treatment of SCLC cells with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (GF 109203X), demonstrating the involvement of phorbol ester-sensitive PKCs in the signaling pathway leading to p42mapk activation. Various neuropeptides, such as bradykinin, vasopressin, bombesin, neurotensin, and galanin, which promote clonal growth in SCLC cells, also induced activation of p42mapk in these cells. In particular, galanin and neurotensin stimulated p42mapk activation in SCLC cells by a pathway that was dependent on the activity of PKC. Furthermore, galanin-stimulated clonal growth of SCLC cells in semisolid medium could be prevented by the PKC inhibitor GF 109203X and by PD 098059. Thus, our results suggest that activation of p42mapk plays an important role in neuropeptide-induced growth of SCLC.
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PMID:Galanin, neurotensin, and phorbol esters rapidly stimulate activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in small cell lung cancer cells. 897 Nov 88

Recent evidence indicates that, in addition to the involvement of cholinergic and other neurotransmitter systems, various neuropeptides that occur in cortical and subcortical brain regions have a role in cognitive behavior. This evidence results largely from behavioral studies in rodents and other animals, following peptide administration and only in a very few cases from similar studies in human subjects. Several neuropeptides studied appear to enhance or produce changes conducive to improvement in cognitive performance and these include vasopressin, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), while one peptide, galanin, has been reported to inhibit cognitive processes. Of those neuropeptides that improve performance, only TRH has been shown recently to attenuate the memory impairment of human subjects and Alzheimer patients treated with an anticholinergic drug, and this review describes a series of complimentary studies in adult and aged rodents that contribute to our understanding of the possible mechanisms involved in the role of TRH in cognition.
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PMID:Effect of neuropeptides on cognitive function. 931 49

Cultured magnocellular neurons, isolated from adult rat supraoptic nuclei, were characterized by immunocytochemistry, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and antisera to vasopressin, oxytocin, galanin and cholecystokinin. Light microscope examination of the immunostained cultures revealed the presence of vasopressin- and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity, as well as neurons containing either galanin- or cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. In contrast, no significant galanin- or cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity could be observed in freshly dispersed cells. Correlative scanning electron microscopical observations in the secondary electron imaging mode revealed that the stained neurons appeared significantly brighter than the unstained structures. Complementary observations with toad brain sections (preoptic area), immunostained for galanin, led to the same result. Considering previous results, it is suggested that the presence of galanin- and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cultured neurons and its virtual absence in freshly dispersed cells is indicating a participation of these peptides in the regenerative processes taking place during culture. It is further concluded that the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method is suitable for correlative light and scanning electron microscopical studies of smooth surfaces and cultured cells.
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PMID:Galanin and cholecystokinin in cultured magnocellular neurons isolated from adult rat supraoptic nuclei: a correlative light and scanning electron microscopical study. 934 60

The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates body weight homeostasis by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. The weight-reducing action of leptin is thought to be mediated primarily by signal transduction through the leptin receptor (LR) in the hypothalamus. We have used immunohistochemistry to localize LR-immunoreactive (LR-IR) cells in the rat brain using an antiserum against a portion of the intracellular domain of LR that is common to all LR isoforms. The antiserum recognized the short and long isoforms of LR in transfected hematopoietic BaF3 cells. To examine the chemical nature of target cells for leptin, direct double-labeling immunofluorescence histochemistry was applied. The results show extensive distribution of LR-like immunoreactivity (LR-LI) in the brain with positively stained cells present, e.g., in the choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In the hypothalamus, strongly LR-IR neurons were present in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus. Weaker LR-IR neurons were also demonstrated in the lateral and medial preoptic nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, and tuberomammillary nucleus. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed LR-LI in the periphery of individual cells. In magnocellular neurons of the SON and PVN, LR-LI was demonstrated in vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing neurons. In parvocellular neurons of the PVN, LR-LI was demonstrated in many corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons. LR-IR neurons were mainly seen in the ventromedial aspect of the arcuate nucleus, where LR-LI co-localized with neuropeptide Y. In the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, LR-LI was present in many large adrenocorticotropic hormone-IR proopiomelanocortin-containing neurons and in a few galanin-, neurotensin-, and growth hormone-releasing hormone-containing neurons. In the dorsomedial arcuate nucleus, few tyrosine hydroxylase (dopamine)-containing neurons were seen to have LR-LI. Melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus had LR-LI. Based on the immunohistochemical results, possible interactions of leptin with brain mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. 941 31

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) has been proposed to be an inhibitory modulator of cholinergic transmission in the hippocampus and may impair memory by directly affecting the activity of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons. Alternatively, GAL may act indirectly and modulate the activity of other neurotransmitter systems which, in turn, influence cholinergic transmission. We have used double in situ hybridization histochemistry to evaluate the co-expression of the GAL receptor subtype, GALR1, within cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band of adult male rats. In alternate brain sections, we assessed the co-expression of GALR1 mRNA within another forebrain cell group implicated in memory functions, the neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (AMe) which co-express vasopressin (VP) and GAL and project to septo-hippocampus. Despite the abundance of GALR1 mRNA-expressing neurons in the cholinergic BF, we found no evidence for the co-expression of this receptor subtype within cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band. In contrast, we detected an extensive co-expression (95%) of GALR1 mRNA within extrahypothalamic VP/GAL neurons. These results do not support the idea that GAL, acting via the GALR1 receptor, directly impairs BF cholinergic neurons but suggest, instead, that non-cholinergic neurons in the BF may play a role in mediating the inhibitory actions of GAL on cholinergic function. However, our findings provide anatomical evidence that GAL could directly modulate the activity and/or secretion pattern of extrahypothalmic VP/GAL neurons into septo-hippocampal regions.
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PMID:GALR1 galanin receptor mRNA is co-expressed by galanin neurons but not cholinergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain. 945 Jun 84

Results from preclinical studies have validated the participation of neuropeptides in sleep regulation. In recent human and clinical studies it has been shown that peripheral administration of various peptides results in specific changes in the sleep electroencephalogram in humans. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that certain peptides are common regulators of the electrophysiological and neuroendocrine components of sleep. It is now well established that the balance between the neuropeptides growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a key role in normal and pathological sleep regulation. In young normal subjects, GHRH stimulates slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion but inhibits cortisol release, whereas CRH has the opposite effect. During normal aging and during acute depression, the GHRH:CRH ratio is changed in favor of CRH, resulting in disturbances in sleep endocrine activity. In addition to GHRH, galanin, growth hormone-releasing peptide, and neuropeptide Y also promote sleep, unlike ACTH(4-9), which disturbs sleep. In elderly subjects, sleep deteriorates after acute administration of somatostatin but improves after chronic treatment with vasopressin. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide decelerates the non-rapid eye movement-rapid eye movement cycle and advances the occurrence of the cortisol nadir. The impact of delta sleep-inducing peptide, cholecystokinin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on human sleep regulation is not yet clear. This paper reviews recent work investigating the influence of these various neuropeptides on sleep.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and human sleep. 945 70

Lactation is a physiological condition known to upregulate the expression of the hypothalamic neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, in the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Other neuropeptides such as galanin are co-localized in the same magnocellular neurones and their expression has been demonstrated to be regulated by different experimental and physiological conditions. In the present study, we investigated the possible changes in galanin expression during lactation, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry separately or in combination. Galanin messenger RNA concentrations decreased on day 3 of lactation in both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and remained low on day 7 of lactation, but no differences were observed between control and 14-day lactating rats. In parallel, immunopositive cell bodies were almost undetectable on day 7 of lactation and immunoreactivity remained weak after 14 days of lactation, whereas galanin immunoreactive profiles in the supraoptic nucleus were more numerous than in the control group. Moreover, the subcellular distribution of immunostaining changed on day 14 of lactation. Galanin immunoreactivity was confined around the nucleus in the control females, but it became weaker and more homogenously distributed throughout the cytoplasm in the lactating rats. Electron microscopy using a pre-embedding technique confirmed that galanin immunoreactivity was no longer restricted to the Golgi complex, but was apparent throughout in the cytoplasm. Multiple labellings showed galanin and galanin messenger RNA to be co-localized with oxytocin messenger RNA in neurones of the dorsomedial part of the supraoptic nucleus during lactation. Some of those doubly labelled cells also expressed vasopressin messenger RNA in the same conditions as revealed by a triple-labelling procedure. As these co-localizations have not been observed in female control rats, lactation provided an example of a physiological condition inducing oxytocin and galanin co-synthesis in a subpopulation of magnocellular neurones. In conclusion, we have demonstrated plasticity of galanin expression during lactation in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurones. This plasticity could be caused by changes in galanin expression or in galanin processing in magnocellular neurones.
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PMID:Expression of galanin in hypothalamic magnocellular neurones of lactating rats: co-existence with vasopressin and oxytocin. 948 92


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