UNIPROT:P01185 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

In the present study, we describe the structure of the central nervous system (CNS) of the marine gastropod Bulla gouldiana, and compare it with the structure of the CNS of the related mollusc, Aplysia californica. In addition, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of a series of peptides, and the synaptic vesicle protein, synapsin I, in the central nervous system of B. gouldiana. The most common peptide in the B. gouldiana nervous system is the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide (FMRFamide), which is present in a significant proportion of B. gouldiana neurons. A smaller number of neurons exhibit immunoreactivity to antisera raised against the calcitonin gene related peptide, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, galanin and enkephalin. In some instances there is colocalization of two or more peptides. Very few neurons or axons exhibit synapsin I-like immunoreactivity. The patterns of immunoreactivity to these antisera is quite similar to the patterns that have been described in other gastropods, including Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica. These observations emphasize the importance of FMRFamide-like compounds in phylogenetically old nervous systems and indicate that compounds similar to mammalian peptides are present in the gastropod. Thus, the production of a wide variety of peptide molecules and their use in neuronal function appears to be a highly conserved phylogenetic process.
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PMID:The central nervous system of Bulla gouldiana: peptide localization. 307 58

To understand better the relationship between hypothalamic galaninergic neurons and the pituitary gland, we studied the effects of hypophysectomy on hypothalamic galanin (GAL) content and distribution by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, and on GAL mRNA by Northern blot analysis. Three weeks after hypophysectomy, performed at 5 or 8 weeks of age, the hypothalamic concentrations of GAL and GAL mRNA were reduced by 30-50% in both male and female rats, compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Similar reverse-phase HPLC retention times of hypothalamic GAL were observed in intact and hypophysectomized rats. The reduction of hypothalamic GAL concentration following hypophysectomy was time-dependent, as peptide levels were unaffected one week after surgery. Immunohistochemistry showed regional differences in the effect of hypophysectomy on galaninergic neurons. In the hypophysiotropic hypothalamus, the scarce GAL immunoreactivity normally observed in the arcuate nuclei was no longer detectable in hypophysectomized rats, and the intense GAL immunoreactivity of the external zone of the median eminence progressively decreased and completely disappeared 3 and 6 weeks after hypophysectomy. In contrast, in the neurohypophyseal system, there was an increase of GAL labelling of the perikarya and emerging axons in the supraoptic and lateral-paraventricular nuclei, 1 and 3 weeks after hypophysectomy, that disappeared 6 weeks after hypophysectomy. An increase of GAL immunoreactivity was also observed in the internal zone of the median eminence 1 week but not 3 weeks after hypophysectomy. We conclude that hypophysectomy reduces the content of GAL and GAL mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. These changes are time-dependent and clearly detected after 3 weeks. The neurohypophyseal and hypophysiotropic galaninergic systems respond differently to hypophysectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of hypophysectomy on galaninergic neurons in the rat hypothalamus. 750 64

Neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the medial amygdala (AMe) coexpress vasopressin and galanin (GAL) in the adult male rat. Here, we have asked whether GAL gene expression, like vasopressin gene expression in these same neurons, exhibits sexual dimorphism and whether GAL pathways in the BNST and AMe are activated with puberty in female rats as we have previously observed in male rats. In Exp 1, in situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative autoradiography were used to compare GAL gene expression in the BNST and AMe of prepubertal (24-day-old) and adult (90-day-old) male and female rats. In the BNST, both the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons (F = 41.98; P < or = 0.0001; males, P < or = 0.007; females, P < or = 0.001) and the intensity of labeling (F = 40.35; P < or = 0.0001; males, P < or = 0.004; females, P < or = 0.002) were significantly increased in adult compared to prepubertal animals of both sexes. In the AMe of both males (P < or = 0.001) and females (P < or = 0.001), the intensity of labeling was significantly enhanced across puberty (F = 66.29; P < or = 0.0001); however, the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons in this region did not change. We found no evidence for sexual dimorphism of GAL gene expression in either brain region. In Exp 2, we replicated our observations of a lack of sexual dimorphism of GAL gene expression in the BNST of adult male and female rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that GAL neurons in the BNST and AMe are steroid sensitive in both sexes. However, our failure to detect any differences in either the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons or the level of expression between male and female rats at either age indicates that these pathways do not exhibit sexual dimorphism.
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PMID:Galanin in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of the rat: lack of sexual dimorphism despite regulation of gene expression across puberty. 751 91

Galanin is a brain-gut peptide occurring widely in the central and peripheral nervous system. Effects of iv administration of synthetic human galanin on pituitary GH, PRL, and antidiuretic hormone secretion were studied. Intravenous infusion of the peptide resulted in a significant increase in plasma GH levels whereas PRL and antidiuretic hormone did not significantly change. These findings suggest that galanin might play a role in modulating GH secretion in humans.
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PMID:Effect of human galanin on growth hormone prolactin, and antidiuretic hormone secretion in normal men. 752 48

Earlier studies have shown the formation of a novel neural lobe after hypophysectomy, an experimental manipulation that causes transection of neurohypophyseal nerve fibers and removal of pituitary hormones. The mechanisms that underly this regenerative process are poorly understood. The localization and number of peptide-immunoreactive (-IR) fibers in the median eminence were studied in normal rats and in rats at different times of survival after hypophysectomy using indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry. The number of vasopressin (VP)-IR fibers increased in the external layer of the median eminence in 5 d hypophysectomized rats. Oxytocin (OXY)-IR fibers decreased in the internal layer and progressively extended into the external layer. At long survival times (9 and 16 months) both VP- and OXY-IR fibers had a bilayered distribution occupying both the external and internal layers. Double-labeling experiments combining VP and tyrosine hydroxylase antisera as well as OXY and growth hormone-releasing factor antisera showed that injured neurosecretory fibers growing into the external layer displaced fibers from parvocellular cells originally located there. As a result, there was essentially an inversion in the distribution of these fibers within the median eminence. Galanin (GAL)- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-IR fibers exhibited a similar pattern of distribution after the lesion. Thus, after 5 d there was an increase in GAL- and CCK-IR fibers in the internal layer. At 14 and 30 d, the number of GAL- and CCK-IR fibers progressively decreased, but after longer survivals (9 and 16 months) there was a dramatic reappearance. Dynorphin (DYN)-LI showed a dramatic increase at all levels of the median eminence at short survival times after hypophysectomy, followed by a subsequent decrease to a final stage of a few, strongly immunoreactive fibers in the external layer at longer survival times. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI)-IR fibers in hypophysectomized animals had already contacted portal vessels 5 d after hypophysectomy, and from then on progressively increased in numbers. Finally, most of the peptide fibers described above formed dense innervation patterns around the large blood vessels along the lateral borders of the median eminence. The present results show that hypophysectomy induces a wide variety of changes in hypothalamic neurosecretory fibers. Not only is the expression of several peptides in these fibers modified following different survival times, but a reorganization of the distribution of immunoreactive fibers within the median eminence is demonstrated. The hypothesis is raised that regeneration of injured neurosecretory fibers may be dependent on changes in the expression of peptides possessing trophic actions.
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PMID:Reorganization of neural peptidergic systems in the median eminence after hypophysectomy. 752 31

To investigate whether pituitary-dependent hormones may regulate galanin (GAL) content, synthesis and distribution in the hypothalamus, female hypophysectomized Wistar rats were treated for 2 weeks with subcutaneous injections of thyroxine (T4, 2 x 1 microgram), bovine growth hormone (GH, 2 x 125 micrograms), cortisol (C, 50 micrograms), subcutaneous implants of beta-estradiol (E2, 5-mm implant, dilution 1:1), or with the combinations [T4+GH], [T4+GH+C+E2] or [T4+GH+C+E2 + rat PRL, 2 x 125 micrograms] (doses/100 g BW/day). Concentrations of GAL in the hypothalamus were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and GAL mRNA abundance was quantified by Northern blot (6 rats/group); 2 rats/group were used for immunohistochemistry. Hypophysectomy caused decreases of hypothalamic GAL peptide and mRNA concentrations (by 70 and 50%, respectively; p < 0.05 vs. intact rats). GAL immunoreactivity disappeared in the median eminence (ME), but increased in the neurohypophyseal magnocellular neurons of hypophysectomized rats. Substitution with T4, GH, [T4+GH], C or E2 had no significant effect on total hypothalamic GAL peptide and GAL mRNA concentrations. A treatment combining [T4+GH+C+E2] increased hypothalamic GAL (1.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.1 ng/mg protein in untreated hypophysectomized rats; p < 0.01) and GAL mRNA concentrations (127 +/- 19 vs. 59 +/- 2 densitometric units in untreated rats, p < 0.001). Addition of PRL to this combined treatment had no further effect. Treatment with T4, GH, [T4+GH] or E2 enhanced GAL labeling in the ME of hypophysectomized rats. The effect of estrogens was restricted to the GnRH-rich lateral regions of the ME. The combined treatment with [T4+GH+C+E2] restored the ME GAL immunoreactivity to levels observed in intact rats. In contrast, the increased GAL labeling observed in magnocellular neurons after hypophysectomy was not influenced by any hormonal treatment. In conclusion, hypophysectomy leads to marked reductions of hypothalamic GAL and GAL mRNA concentrations, and of GAL immunoreactivity in the ME. These reductions are prevented in part by a combined hormonal treatment associating T4, GH, C and E2, but not by any hormone given alone. This suggests specific pituitary hormone-dependent regulation of the hypophysiotropic GAL neurons. In contrast, the increased GAL labeling in magnocellular neurons of hypophysectomized rats persists despite hormonal treatment and likely represents a lesional effect on the neurohypophyseal GAL system.
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PMID:Pituitary-dependent hormonal regulation of galaninergic neurons in the rat hypothalamus. 752 98

Galanin was purified from an extract of the stomach of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and its primary structure was established as Gly-Trp-Thr-Leu-Asn-Ser- Ala-Gly-Tyr-Leu10-Leu-Gly-Pro-His-Gly-Ile-Asp-Gly-His-Arg20- Thr-Leu-Ser-Asp- Lys-His-Gly-Leu-Ala. Trout galanin shows six amino acid substitutions compared with pig galanin, but the N-terminal region (residues 1-14) has been fully conserved. The distribution of galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) structures in the trout brain and pituitary was studied via immunohistochemistry. GAL-IR cell bodies were observed only in the caudal telencephalon, the preoptic region, and the mediobasal hypothalamus. GAL-IR fibers, however, are widely distributed throughout the brain, with a much lower density in the midbrain and posterior brain than in the tel- and diencephalon. Particularly dense innervation of the mediobasal hypothalamus, the ventral and supracommissuralis parts of the caudal telencephalon, and the region above and below the anterior commissure was observed. A heavy innervation of the pituitary was consistently detected. GAL-IR fibers were present in neurohypophyseal digitations of both the anterior and intermediate lobes with highest density in the region of the proximal pars distalis, where growth hormone and gonadotropic cells are located. Fibers were also seen in digitations of the rostral pars distalis, in particular between the prolactin follicles. The distribution of GAL-IR neurons in the central nervous system and pituitary of the trout suggests that the peptide may exercise an important role in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions, particularly those related to reproduction.
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PMID:Characterization of trout galanin and its distribution in trout brain and pituitary. 753 94

Salt-loading induces profound metabolic changes in magnocellular vasopressin (AVP)-containing neurons, including changes in levels of coexisting peptides and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Although many studies have been conducted on salt-loading, little information is available on the recovery processes following its cessation. In the present study, we investigated the changes in AVP, galanin (Gal), dynorphin B (Dyn-B), and TH immunoreactivities in the rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by immunocytochemistry using specific antisera against these substances. Salt-loading was induced in rats by dissolving 2% NaCl in their drinking water for 7 days. These animals were then allowed free access to fresh water for 2, 4, or 7 days prior to sacrifice. In the SON at the 7th day of salt-loading, AVP, Gal and Dyn-B immunoreactivities decreased in contrast to the marked increase in TH-immunoreactivity compared to those of control rats with free access to water. After a recovery period with free access to water, AVP and Gal immunoreactivities increased with time and returned to the control level at the 7th day. However, Dyn-B immunoreactivity did not recover even at the 7th day. Dehydration-induced TH-immunoreactive neurons almost disappeared at the 7th day. Immunoreactivities for these substances in the PVN showed a similar time course as that in the SON. These findings suggest that AVP and substances coexisting with it change with different time courses in magnocellular neurons following cessation of salt-loading.
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PMID:Rehydration process from salt-loading: recovery of vasopressin and its coexisting galanin, dynorphin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. 753 8

Galanin and vasopressin are coexpressed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of the male rat. In adult males, the level of gene expression for both peptides in these regions is dependent on circulating levels of testosterone. We hypothesized that galanin messenger RNA levels would be enhanced in adult males compared with prepubertal males due to the rise in plasma testosterone levels. We used in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography to measure galanin messenger RNA in cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of prepubertal and adult male rats. Our results show that significantly (P < or = 0.05) more galanin messenger RNA expressing neurons are detectable in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of adult compared with prepubertal male rats. In contrast, no differences were observed between the groups in the number of labeled neurons detected within the medial amygdala. However, the average labeling intensity was significantly enhanced in both the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (P < or = 0.001) and medial amygdala (P < or = 0.001) of adult compared with prepubertal animals. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gonadal hormones regulate galanin gene expression in some brain regions and suggest that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis which occurs naturally with puberty is associated with activation of galanin pathways in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala.
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PMID:Activation of galanin pathways across puberty in the male rat: galanin gene expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala. 753 86

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