Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The localization of substance P (SP) binding sites in guinea-pig heart was studied by in vitro autoradiography, and pharmacological effects of SP were examined with isolated heart preparations. Specific binding of [125I]SP was found in association with cardiac parasympathetic ganglia and some coronary arteries. No specific SP binding sites were associated with coronary veins, atria, ventricles, ascending aorta or pulmonary trunk. Local bolus injections of SP (2.5 and 25 nmol) caused a bradycardia which, in some preparations, was followed by a slight tachycardia. SP produced a prominent coronary vasodilator effect after basal perfusion pressure had been elevated by 1 microM vasopressin. The vasodilator response was probably mediated by the SP binding sites associated with the coronary arteries. Bradycardia might be elicited by binding of SP to the receptors present in the parasympathetic ganglia and subsequent release of acetylcholine. It is suggested that these effects of SP on the isolated heart could be of physiological significance.
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PMID:Distribution of substance P binding sites in guinea-pig heart and pharmacological effects of substance P. 246 7

Endopeptidase-2, the second endopeptidase in rat kidney brush border [Kenny & Ingram (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 515-524] has been further characterized in regard to its specificity and its contribution to the hydrolysis of peptides by microvillar membrane preparations. The peptide products were identified, after incubating luliberin, substance P, bradykinin and angiotensins I, II and III with the purified enzyme. The bonds hydrolysed were those involving a hydrophobic amino acid residue, but this residue could be located at either the P1 or P1' site. Luliberin was hydrolysed faster than other peptides tested, followed by substance P and bradykinin. Human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide and the angiotensins were only slowly attacked. Oxytocin and [Arg8]vasopressin were not hydrolysed. No peptide fragments were detected on prolonged incubation with insulin, cytochrome c, ovalbumin and serum albumin. In comparison with pig endopeptidase-24.11 the rates for the susceptible peptides were, with the exception of luliberin, much lower for endopeptidase-2. Indeed, for bradykinin and substance P the ratio kcat./Km was two orders of magnitude lower. Since both endopeptidases are present in rat kidney microvilli, an assessment was made of the relative contributions to the hydrolysis of luliberin, bradykinin and substance P. Only for the first named was endopeptidase-2 the dominant enzyme; for bradykinin it made an equal, and for substance P a minor, contribution.
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PMID:The metabolism of neuropeptides. Hydrolysis of peptides by the phosphoramidon-insensitive rat kidney enzyme 'endopeptidase-2' and by rat microvillar membranes. 246 6

The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P on isolated human intramyometrial arteries and fetal stem villous arteries obtained from term pregnant women were compared. Ring preparations of small intramyometrial arteries and fetal stem villous arteries obtained at caesarean section were mounted in organ baths, and isometric tension was recorded. None of the peptides affected resting tension. In intramyometrial arteries precontracted by vasopressin (2.8 x 10(-9) M) both substance P (10(-12) to 10(-8) M) and VIP (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) caused relaxation. In fetal stem villous arteries precontracted by prostaglandin F2 alpha (10(-5) M) cumulative addition of substance P (10(-11) to 10(-6) M) did not produce significant changes in tension as compared with controls, while addition of single doses produced moderate relaxation. VIP (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) induced relaxation with similar effects for the addition of cumulative and single doses. The responses to VIP and substance P remained unaffected after pretreatment by atropine (10(-6) M), propranolol (10(-6) M), and indomethacin (10(-6) M). The results support a role for VIP and substance P in the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow in term pregnancy.
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PMID:Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P on human intramyometrial arteries and stem villous arteries in term pregnancy. 246 22

Dekanski's method was used to estimate the pressor activity of the extracts of the posterior pituitary lobe in anaesthetized rats, after the infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution above the supraoptic nuclei and haemorrhage in the amount of 1.5% of body weight or after the infusion of Substance P solution above the supraoptic nuclei and haemorrhage. It has been found that the vasopressin content in the posterior pituitary lobe decreased about 20% after the infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution and haemorrhage. The infusion of Substance P above the supraoptic nuclei inhibits the loss of vasopressin from the pituitary caused by haemorrhage.
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PMID:The effect of substance P (SP) infusion above the supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus on the vasopressin content in the posterior pituitary lobe after haemorrhage in rats. 246 61

Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with two-color immunoperoxidase staining, boutons stained with antisera to substance P (SP), serotonin (5HT) and oxytocin (OX) have been observed in contiguity with neurons in the rostral and caudal medulla that showed immunoreactivity for phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), respectively, and which were backfilled with HRP injected into the diencephalon. The juxtaposition of these immunostained structures indicates that SP, 5HT and OX released from fibers in the medulla may affect the activity of adrenergic and noradrenergic medullary neurons that project to the diencephalon. Moreover, the presence of 5HT- and OX-immunoreactive processes in contiguity with medullary CA cells that send fibers to the diencephalon indicates that the raphe nuclei and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus can directly influence ascending pathways that are known to innervate the hypothalamus and appear to effect changes in vasopressin release.
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PMID:Evidence for substance P, serotonin and oxytocin input to medullary catecholamine neurons with diencephalic projections. 246 99

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the extent to which several peptides and serotonin coexist with substance P or somatostatin in selected lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat. The technique for the simultaneous visualization of two antigens by immunofluorescence was used to investigate the coexistence of neuropeptides in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of colchicine-treated cats. Perikarya immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, and substance P were visualized in both the lumbar 5 and 6 dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed for adipokinetic hormone, bombesin, dynorphin A, met-enkephalin, oxytocin, tyrosine hydroxylase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or serotonin in either ganglion examined. Substance P coexisted with calcitonin-gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Somatostatin was colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, and substance P but coexisted with galanin minimally. The cell area of immunoreactive perikarya was also examined. Data concerning the cross-sectional area of immunoreactive cells indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya were generally the largest population observed (up to approximately 6,000 microns2). Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, as well as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, coexisted in populations of cell bodies that had a smaller size (less than 2,000 microns2). These results suggest that certain peptides which coexist in the dorsal root ganglia may provide histochemical markers for functional groups of primary afferent neurons.
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PMID:Lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat: a quantitative study of peptide immunoreactivity and cell size. 247 1

The ultrastructural localization of peptide substances, such as vasopressin (VP), substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK) and somatostatin (SRIF), and the distribution of peptidergic nerves in rat neurohypophysis were studied by immunoelectron microscopy. The results show that VP, SP, ENK and SRIF immunoreactive products are located in large granular vesicles (110-150 nm in diameter), at the periphery of microvesicles and on the outer membrane of mitochondria. The VP-, SP-, ENK- and SRIF- containing nerve fibers are distributed at the periphery of capillaries and in the vicinity of pituicytes. VP- and ENK-positive nerve terminals form axo-axonic synapses with negative terminals. VP- and ENK-terminals are pre- or postsynaptic elements. Axo-axonic synapses formed by two SRIF- positive terminals were also found. In addition, ENK- and SP-positive terminals with pituicytes form synaptoid structures respectively. The authors have discovered VP-positive pituicytes for the first time.
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PMID:An immunoelectron microscopic study of peptide substances in the rat neurohypophysis. 247 69

The pressor (VLPA) and the depressor (VLDA) areas in the ventrolateral medulla were identified with the microinjection of L-glutamate (1.77 nmol/site) in artificially ventilated urethane-anesthetized male Wistar rats. Bilateral microinjection of a stable substance P (SP) agonist [pGlu5, MePhe8, Sar9]-SP(5-11)], abbreviated as DiMe, into the VLPA (6-600 pmol/site) produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure (BP). The effects on heart rate (HR) were variable. Intravenous pretreatment with a ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine (3.0 mg/kg, i.v.), but not with a vasopressin antagonist, blocked these responses. Similar microinjection of DiMe (6-600 pmol/site) into the VLDA produced a dose-dependent decrease in HR but had no effect on BP levels. The DiMe-induced bradycardic response elicited from the VLDA was blocked by i.v. pretreatment with atropine methylbromide (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.). These findings indicate that there are SP receptors localized on sympathoexcitatory neurons in the VLPA and that SP may be an excitatory neurotransmitter in this area. In the VLDA, the SP receptors appear to be localized on a subpopulation of neurons that affect vagal, but not sympathetic, outflow to the heart.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effects of substance P receptor stimulation in the ventrolateral medullary pressor and depressor areas. 247 13

The regional distributions of neurokinin B-like immunoreactivity and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs) were examined. The distribution of neurokinin B-like immunoreactivity in WKYs was not exactly the same as that of substance P-like immunoreactivity. The neurokinin B-like immunoreactivity contents of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the caudal part of the nucleus tractus solitarii were higher in SHRs than in WKYs. Injections of selective neurokinin B receptor peptides, senktide (suc-[Asp6,Me-Phe8]-substance P6-11) and [Pro7]-neurokinin B, into the lateral brain ventricle of the normotensive rats caused dose-dependent increases in the blood pressure, and blockade of peripheral vascular vasopressin receptors reduced these pressor responses, but did not affect the substance P-induced pressor response. These findings suggest that the novel tachykinin peptide, neurokinin B has an important role in central pressor action in rats.
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PMID:Central pressor actions of neurokinin B: increases in neurokinin B contents in discrete nuclei in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 247 57


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