Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The paraventricular nucleus (PVH) of the hypothalamus is a key region for the integration of the autonomic and neuroendocrine mechanisms. This integration becomes less reliable with age. Some critical functions, such as eating and drinking, body-temperature regulation, autonomic and endocrine responses which regulate the cardiovascular system seem to be particularly affected by the aging-related processes. In this paper, we analysed by means of immunocytochemistry the neurochemical organization of the magnocellular and parvocellular component of the PVH in old male rats. The main results concerning the neurohormones and the carrier proteins are the following: a significant decrease in the number of the oxytocin- (OXY) like immunoreactive neurons of the medial and lateral parvocellular nuclei; a decrease in the vasopressin- (VAS) like immunoreactive neurons of the medial and lateral parvocellular nuclei and also of the medial magnocellular nucleus; a decrease in the neurophysin- (NRP) like immunoreactive neurons of the lateral parvocellular nucleus. We also found a decrease in the mean area of magnocellular OXY- and VAS-like immunoreactive neurons, a decrease in the extension of the dendritic tree sampled in the medial part of the nucleus; a decrease in the number of varicosities along the neurons coming from the PVH, and in the density of axons in the median eminence and in the vagal complex. The NRP-like immunoreactive structures in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord of old rats were also decreased in respect to younger adult animals. Among the neuropeptides investigated (corticotropin-releasing factor, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and neurotensin) we found a decrease in the leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive neurons of the dorsal and medial parvocellular nuclei. Our data support--from a morphological point of view--the existence of involution processes in the neurochemical organization of the PVH during aging.
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PMID:Influence of aging on the neurochemical organization of the rat paraventricular nucleus. 236 52

Previous immunocytochemical studies reported that when specific monoclonal antibody directed against vasopressin (VP) (VP-MAb) was injected in vivo above the rat hypothalamic nuclei, it penetrated and was specifically transported by VP-producing neurons. In this study, using the same methodological approach, the fate of monoclonal antibody directed against corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (CRF-MAb) injected in vivo above the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat brain was investigated by immunocytochemistry in male Zucker rats and adrenalectomized or colchicine-pretreated male Long-Evans rats. The simultaneous immunocytochemical localization of the injected CRF-MAb and endogenous peptides and enzyme synthesized by the neurons penetrated by the antibody, demonstrated that CRF-MAb was mainly detected in CRF neurons. But the CRF-MAb was also detected in VP, oxytocin, neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase-producing neurons of the PVN. CRF-MAb was therefore localized in PVN neurons which synthesize CRF and in PVN neurons with physiological and morphological relationships with the CRF peptidergic system. Before obtaining biological effects of injected CRF-MAb, the results described here suggest that specific monoclonal antibodies provide a useful specific tool for elucidating the functional relationships between neuronal systems.
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PMID:Uptake of a monoclonal antibody to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into rat hypothalamic neurons. 237 97

Golden hamsters raised at 22 degrees C were adapted in the early summer for 3 weeks to either 28 degrees C or 5 degrees C. To achieve profound changes the photoperiod was also shortened from 14 h to 11 h during adaptation to cold. During the investigation body weight, food consumption, water intake, urine production, and osmolality, as well as secreted amounts of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA), were recorded in each animal before, during, and after the adaptation period. In another group of golden hamsters the brains were processed for immunocytochemical detection of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the third week of adaptation to a cold or warm environment. In warm-adapted animals food and water consumption and urine production remained unchanged or were only slightly reduced. NA and DA secretion were reduced by 50%. The AVP-immunoreactivity reflected an anti-diuretic state in these animals. In fibers influencing the adrenal axis, AVP-immunoreactivity was weak compared to CRF fibers. Food and water consumption, urine production, and DA secretion increased two-fold during cold adaptation. Daily secreted amounts of NA increased nine-fold. AVP-immunoreactivity was weak in projections to the neurohypophysis. Fibers influencing the adrenal axis, however, displayed strong AVP-immunoreactivity in comparison to that of CRF. The immunocytochemically determined patterns of AVP and CRF distribution indicated an activation of the osmoregulative axis in the warm-adapted animals and of the adrenal axis in the cold-adapted golden hamsters.
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PMID:Changes in physiological and neuroendocrine properties during thermal adaptation of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). 239 1

The activity of single hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones was recorded in order to examine the mechanism by which the endogenous pyrogen interleukin-1 (IL-1) increases activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical axis. IL-1 injected intravenously caused a rapid increase in the electrical activity of putative corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-secreting neurones located within the PVN. The activity of neighboring, electrophysiologically identified, vasopressin-secreting neurones was not altered by the stimulus, indicating a lack of involvement of this secretagogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in this response to IL-1. These results support the concept of a rapid and specific activating effect of IL-1 upon hypothalamic CRF secretion as a part of a bidirectional communicating link between immune and central nervous systems.
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PMID:Selective facilitation of putative corticotropin-releasing factor-secreting neurones by interleukin-1. 240 36

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) stimulated adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) release from both rat anterior pituitary cells in culture and a tumor cell line of the mouse anterior pituitary (AtT-20/D16-16). The stimulation of ACTH release was dependent on the time of exposure to CCK-8 and the concentration of this peptide applied to anterior pituitary cells. Cerulein evoked ACTH release whereas human gastrin 1, CCK-4 and desulfated CCK-8 only produced minimal affects on ACTH release at concentrations of 10(-4) M. In contrast, these latter three peptides were as effective as CCK-8 in inducing the secretion of amylase from pancreatic acinar cells. Antagonists of CCK-8 receptors in the pancreas such as proglumide, benzotript and dibutyryl cyclic GMP did not affect the ACTH release response to CCK-8. The CCK-8 stimulation of ACTH release was calcium-dependent and blocked by glucocorticoid pretreatment. The mechanisms by which CCK-8 evoked ACTH release appears distinct from that of other ACTH secretagogues such as corticotropin releasing factor and vasopressin. The data suggest that CCK-8 is a corticotropin releasing factor-like agent acting through a putative novel receptor subtype in the anterior pituitary.
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PMID:Cholecystokinin-8 stimulates adrenocorticotropin release from anterior pituitary cells. 241 42

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl) occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS, CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT, TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers, as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus, although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat. 242 28

The neuropeptide field has witnessed considerable research interest over the past decade, and a growing body of anatomic, biochemical, and electrophysiologic data have since emerged, supporting the existence and putative neuromodulatory function of a large variety of these peptide hormones in several extrahypothalamic brain regions. It is now evident that neuropeptides not only fulfill criteria required of putative neurotransmitters, but more generally act as modulators of neuronal activity. The author discusses vasopressin and oxytocin pathways, corticotropin releasing factor, atrial natriuretic factor, thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, motilin, growth hormone releasing factor, dopamine, gonadotropin releasing hormone, and substance P.
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PMID:Chemical anatomy of the hypothalamus. 243 89

The potentiation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-stimulated cAMP production by vasopressin (VP) in the pituitary cell was investigated by studies on the interaction of CRF, VP, and the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on cAMP, adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase. Addition of VP or PMA (0.01-100 nM) alone did not alter cellular cAMP content, but markedly increased the effect of 10 nM CRF with ED50 of about 1 nM. Treatment of the cells with 200 ng/ml pertussis toxin for 4 h increased CRF-stimulated cAMP accumulation by 3.2-fold, an effect that was not additive to those of VP and PMA. Incubation of pituitary cells with 2 mM 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine increased CRF-stimulated cAMP accumulation and decreased the relative effect of VP and PMA, suggesting that the actions of VP and PMA are partially due to inhibition of phosphodiesterase. This was confirmed by the demonstration of a 30% inhibition of the low-affinity phosphodiesterase activity in cytosol and membranes prepared from cells preincubated with VP or PMA. In intact cells, following [3H]adenine prelabeling of endogenous ATP pools, measurement of adenylate cyclase in the presence of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine showed no effect of VP and PMA alone, but did show a 2-fold potentiation of the effect of CRF. Measurement of adenylate cyclase in pituitary homogenates by conversion of [alpha-32P]ATP to [32P]cAMP showed a paradoxical GTP-dependent inhibition by VP of basal and CRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, suggesting that the VP receptor is coupled to an inhibitory guanyl nucleotide-binding protein. Pertussis toxin pretreatment of the cells prevented the VP inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity observed in pituitary cell homogenates. These findings indicate that besides inhibition of phosphodiesterase, VP has a dual interaction with the pituitary adenylate cyclase system; a direct inhibitory effect, manifested only in broken cells, that is mediated by a receptor-coupled guanyl nucleotide-binding protein, and a physiologically predominant indirect stimulatory effect in the intact cell, mediated by protein kinase C phosphorylation of one of the components of the CRF-activated adenylate cyclase system.
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PMID:Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and vasopressin potentiate the effect of corticotropin-releasing factor on cyclic AMP production in rat anterior pituitary cells. Mechanisms of action. 243 73

In a previous study (Watts et al., '87) we reexamined the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) with the PHA-L method and found that they could be divided conveniently into six groups of fibers. By far the densest projection ends just dorsal to the SCh in a comma-shaped region designated the "subparaventricular zone," although some fibers continue on through the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to end in the overlying midline thalamus, and others continue on to end in the dorsomedial nucleus, the region around the ventromedial nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area. Other relatively sparse projections from the SCh were also described to the preoptic region, lateral septal nucleus, parataenial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, the same method was used to show that the subparaventricular zone projects in turn massively to these same regions, as well as back to the SCh itself and to the periaqueductal gray. The present series of experiments was designed to confirm these observations with retrograde tracer injections and to investigate the cellular and possible neurotransmitter organization of the major projections from the SCh and subparaventricular zone with a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical method. For this, the distribution of neuronal cell bodies within the SCh that stain with antisera to vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), corticotropin-releasing factor, bombesin, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and angiotensin II was described in detail first. Then the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons that were also stained for one or another of these peptides was described after injections of true blue, or in some cases SITS, into the regions of the subparaventricular zone, the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei of the thalamus, the ventromedial nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the periaqueductal gray. The results confirm previous immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing studies and in addition indicate that cells in dorsal as well as ventral parts of the SCh project to each of the terminal fields examined, as do many cells in surrounding areas, including the subparaventricular zone. Our results also suggest that, at the very least, vasopressin-, VIP-, and neurotensin-stained cells in the SCh project to the subparaventricular zone, midline thalamus, and dorsomedial nucleus, and that the vasopressin and VIP-stained fiber systems are partially segregated at the level of the subparaventricular zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. 243 9

The sequential application of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used to localize multiple tissue antigens on a single free floating section of rat brain. Sequential visualization of individual antigens was achieved by the silver-gold-intensified diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the first step, nickel-intensified DAB in the second step, and the DAB alone in the third step of the immunostain procedure. For the demonstration of this method, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and vasopressin (VAS) antisera were used. Sections from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats pretreated with colchicine were stained. Black TH containing cell bodies were clearly distinguished from blue stained CRF cells and from yellow stained VAS-containing cell bodies in the PVN on the 25-30 micron thick vibratome sections. The sequential immunostaining procedure presented here results in superior staining of multiple antigens as compared to that achieved by the sequential application of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique.
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PMID:Light microscopic triple-colored immunohistochemical staining on the same vibratome section using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. 245 9


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