Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide which has recently been found in the hypothalamus and in hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood. We have examined the pituitary of several mammalian species for the presence of VIP by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay and report here that the pars nervosa contains a considerable quantity of VIP (100-250 fmol/mg) which, in the dog, can be shown to be present in nerve fibres. It is possible that neurohypophyseal VIP may be a local releasing agent for vasopressin.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the pituitary pars nervosa. 47 Nov 86

The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract is known to contain the classical neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. Additionally, dynorphin, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and galanin are co-stored with vasopressin and/or oxytocin. Recent immunohistochemical studies have revealed the existence of a low to moderate number of substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the rat neurohypophysis. VIP-, substance P- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were distributed throughout the organ, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were present in the proximal part of the organ. The positive nerve endings were either large in size resembling classical nerve terminals related to perivascular spaces, or smaller similar to peptidergic fibers as described in the CNS. These results indicate that these neuropeptides may be either co-stored with the classical neurohypophyseal hormones or contained in another system of afferents to the organ. The probably distinct functional roles of these neuropeptides in the physiology of the neurohypophysis are discussed.
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PMID:Non-vasopressinergic, non-oxytocinergic neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract: experimental immunohistochemical studies. 138 83

The aims of this study were: (1) to examine whether the posterior pituitary contains prolactin releasing factor (PRF) activity, (2) to determine to what extent known neurohypophyseal peptides contribute to this activity, and (3) to compare posterior pituitary PRF activities of hens in different reproductive stages. Anterior pituitary cells derived from juvenile female turkeys were incubated with posterior pituitary extracts or test substances for 3 hr. Posterior pituitary extracts (0.1-0.8 equivalent) contained a potent substance(s) which stimulated PRL release in a concentration-dependent manner (2.4 +/- 0.08 to 6.5 +/- 0.23 micrograms/500 k cells). Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antisera (1:500) completely abolished the PRL-releasing activities of their respective peptides but partially reduced (P less than 0.05) the PRF activity of the posterior pituitary (AVT, 19.9%; VIP, 55.1%). Mesotocin antiserum did not alter (P greater than 0.05) PRL release induced by posterior pituitary extract. Posterior pituitary extract (0.01-0.5 equivalent) from hens in each of the various stages of the reproductive cycle induced a concentration dependent PRL release. The 0.5 posterior pituitary equivalent dose from reproductively quiescent (nonphotostimulated), laying, photorefractory, and incubating hens increased PRL release 2.4-, 2.9-, 3.8-, and 11.1-fold, respectively. The turkey posterior pituitary contains a potent PRF activity, partially accounted for by VIP and AVT, at the assayed concentrations, which varies with the reproductive cycle.
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PMID:Evidence of a role for the turkey posterior pituitary in prolactin release. 142 46

The distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was analysed in perikarya of the mink hypothalamus with immunohistochemistry and, surprisingly, a large population of magnocellular VIP-immunoreactive neurons was present in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei as well as in accessory hypothalamic nuclei. From perikarya in the paraventricular as well as supraoptic nuclei, a large number of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers was observed to enter the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract. Within the median eminence, a high density of VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers was present in the external and internal zones. Fibers in the external zone of the median eminence were endowed with varicosities and perivascular terminals, while fibers in the internal zone were smooth and without terminal specializations. From the internal zone of the median eminence, fibers coursed via the infundibular stalk to terminate in perivascularly situated terminals in the neurohypophysis. In addition, a substantial number of small VIP-immunoreactive perikarya was observed within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These perikarya were immunoreactive to neither vasopressin nor neurophysin. To elucidate the co-existence of VIP-immunoreactivity with vasopressin, oxytocin or neurophysin, a sequential double immunoperoxidase procedure to localize antigens with diaminobenzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride as chromagens was performed. From these experiments it was evident that VIP in nearly all magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurons co-existed with neurophysin. Based on a semi-quantitative estimate, half the VIP-immunoreactive magnocellular perikarya co-stored vasopressin, while another half co-stored oxytoxin. The present study describes the presence of a large population of VIP-containing neurons in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the mink. These findings raise evidence that within the mink, VIP may be involved in neurohypophysial physiology.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the mink (Mustela vision) is co-localized with vasopressin or oxytocin. 147 74

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the major pacemaker in the central nervous system responsible for generating circadian rhythmicity in mammals. Tracer studies show limited projections of the SCN, mainly to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, suggesting that the latter two areas may be the target areas of the SCN for controlling corticosterone release. The present results show that when infused in the paraventricular/dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus femtomolar concentrations of vasopressin (VP), but not vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are able to suppress elevated levels of corticosterone in SCN-lesioned animals to basal daytime values. On the other hand, infusion of the VP antagonist in the same hypothalamic area induced a sevenfold increase of basal corticosterone levels in intact animals. The SCN origin of this VP input was established in SCN-lesioned animals where no difference between the effect of infusing the antagonist or Ringer could be detected. These results imply that the SCN can influence the daily corticosterone rhythm through its VP-containing projection to the paraventricular/dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Vasopressin-containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei inhibit corticosterone release. 150 18

Whole tissue grafts of day 1 neonatal or day 21 embryonic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in rats transplanted into host's third ventricle restored circadian rhythmicity in 8 cases out of 18 SCN-lesioned arrhythmic rats. Restored circadian rhythmicity had been observed for maximum 14 months after the transplantation. Immunohistochemical staining (Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: VIP and vasopressin) confirmed the survival of the transplanted SCN tissues within the host's third ventricle. This may be the case of the longest-term survival of functioning SCN grafts which connected with the host's brain by neurites after transplantation. This finding may be a promising support for clinical application of neural tissue transplantation. In contrast, rhodamine-labeled SCN cell suspension transplanted into host's third ventricle did not restore circadian rhythmicity in 24 cases. Histological analysis revealed aggregated donor cells attached to the third ventricle and immunocytochemically stained with both VIP and vasopressin. Furthermore, rhodamine within the host brain suggested the fiber connections between the host and the donor cells. This result indicated that the circadian oscillator in SCN may function only based on the structural integrity of the SCN.
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PMID:[Restoration of circadian rhythmicity after transplantation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rats--its conditions for functional recovery and long-term survival]. 179 11

Data are presented to show that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and that it participates in the regulation of pituitary functions. Immunoreactive VIP in the hypothalamus and pituitary is increased following estrogen treatment and adrenalectomy and is reduced in hyperprolactinemic states. The level of VIP mRNA in the hypothalamus is increased during lactation and sexual maturation, while that in the anterior pituitary shows a sexual dimorphism and is increased with estrogen treatment and hypothyroidism. All these findings suggest a physiological regulation of hypothalamic and pituitary VIP gene expression in relation to its potential role as a neuroendocrine hormone. Furthermore, VIP stimulates prolactin (PRL) release at concentrations attainable in the hypophyseal-portal blood. Passive immunoneutralization studies with anti-VIP antisera suggest that endogenous VIP acts at multiple loci in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to regulate PRL secretion, interacting possibly with other regulators of PRL secretion such as estrogen, serotonin, cholecystokinin, prostaglandins, galanin and oxytocin. Regarding other pituitary functions, although VIP has been shown to release growth hormone, ACTH, and vasopressin in vivo and in vitro, the physiological significance of these findings remains to be determined.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the hypothalamus and pituitary. 190 91

The effects of two hormones, vasopressin and somatostatin (SOM), on ion secretion in rat colon descendens were compared. Three modes for induction of epithelial secretion were used: neuronally mediated secretion due to electric field stimulation (EFS), Ca2+-dependent secretion elicited by carbachol, and cAMP-dependent secretion evoked either by a receptor-mediated mechanism elicited by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or by a direct activation of the adenylate cyclase by means of forskolin. Somatostatin inhibited ion secretion evoked by EFS (55-65%), carbachol (80%) and VIP (95%) in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal inhibition by SOM was observed at 10(-7) M. Somatostatin had, however, no effect on the secretory response to forskolin. The inhibition of the VIP effect could be attenuated by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. In contrast, vasopressin in concentrations as low as 0.025-0.25 U/liter decreased the secretory effects of EFS (55-75%) and carbachol (85%), but had no effect on cAMP-dependent secretion elicited either by VIP or forskolin. The results suggest that the antisecretory effect of vasopressin is mediated only by a block in the Ca2+ pathway, whereas SOM inhibits Ca2+-dependent secretion as well as receptor-mediated cAMP-dependent secretion. The interaction with the cAMP pathway is located at the step between stimulation of the receptor and activation of the adenylate cyclase and probably involves an Ni-protein.
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PMID:Antisecretory effects of somatostatin and vasopressin in the rat colon descendens in vitro. 256 91

The occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the cerebral circulation are described. Immunocytochemical studies have revealed that cerebral blood vessels are invested with nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In addition, there are studies reporting the occurrence of putative neurotransmitters such as cholecystokinin, dynorphin B, galanin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasopressin, neurotensin, and somatostatin. The nerves occur as a longitudinally oriented network around large cerebral arteries. There is often a richer supply of nerve fibers around arteries than veins. The origin of these nerve fibers has been studied by retrograde tracing and denervation experiments. These techniques, in combination with immunocytochemistry, have revealed a rather extensive innervation pattern. Several ganglia, such as the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and small local ganglia at the base of the skull, contribute to the innervation. Sensory fibers seem to derive from the trigeminal ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and from dorsal root ganglia at level C2. The noradrenergic and most of the NPY fibers derive from the superior cervical ganglion. A minor population of the NPY-containing fibers contains VIP instead of NA and emanates from the sphenopalatine ganglion. The cholinergic and the VIP-containing fibers derive from the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and from small local ganglia at the base of the skull. Most of the SP-, NKA-, and CGRP-containing fibers derive from the trigeminal ganglion. Minor contributions may emanate from the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex and from the spinal dorsal root ganglia. NPY is a potent vasoconstrictor in vitro and in situ. VIP, PHI, SP, NKA, and CGRP act via different mechanisms to induce cerebrovascular dilatation. The sympathetic, the parasympathetic, and the sensory systems appear to be involved in modulating cerebrovascular tone in hypertension and in conditions of threatening vasoconstriction, e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage and migraine.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation. 270 77

The pharmacological effects of guinea pig vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were studied in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. Bolus injections of VIP produced a dose-dependent tachycardia that was not affected by atenolol. A decrease in amplitude of ventricular contractions occurred in response to all doses of VIP. This response was preceded by a small increase in amplitude in 3 of 6 hearts at the highest dose. VIP produced a decrease in perfusion pressure which was prominent after coronary tone was elevated with [Arg8]-vasopressin. The present findings support speculation that VIP may have a role in the regulation of heart rate and coronary blood flow.
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PMID:Effects of guinea pig vasoactive intestinal peptide on the isolated perfused guinea pig heart. 275 74


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