Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of exogenous endotoxin pretreatment on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy was evaluated. Partial hepatectomy was performed by 67% liver resection of ether-anesthetized rats with midline laparotomy and liver manipulation as the sham control. Animals were pretreated with endotoxin at a dose of 33 micrograms/100 g sc or iv 24 h before surgery and then fasted. Liver regeneration was quantified after partial hepatectomy by [3H]thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA, and plasma levels of hepatotrophic factors were measured by radioimmunoassay or radioreceptor assay. Systemic endotoxemia occurred after exogenous endotoxin administration as well as after partial hepatectomy due to absorption of exogenous endotoxin from the gut into the portal circulation as determined by quantitative chromogenic lysate assay of perchloric acid-extracted plasma samples. Alterations in putative hepatotrophic factors, including insulin, glucagon, epidermal growth factor, vasopressin, and triiodothyronine, were remarkable similar in response to endotoxemia by exogenous endotoxin administration and by endogenous endotoxin absorption from the gut after partial hepatectomy. Our hypothesis purports that gut-derived systemic endotoxemia elicits hepatotrophic factor secretion for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and that endotoxin pretreatment expedites the hepatotrophic factor response, thus accelerating DNA synthesis in the proliferating liver after 67% resection.
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PMID:Gut-derived endotoxin elicits hepatotrophic factor secretion for liver regeneration. 286 2

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is composed of magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions. Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons project to the neurohypophysis while parvocellular neurons send monosynaptic axonal projections to autonomic regulatory areas in the brainstem and spinal cord. In the present study, we investigated the hemodynamic effects produced by selective magnocellular or parvocellular stimulation. In urethane anesthetized rats with intact baroreflexes, magnocellular and parvocellular stimulation produced only slight differences in hemodynamic responses, however, following acute sinoaortic denervation a clear difference was observed. Parvocellular stimulation produced an increase in arterial pressure and vasoconstriction in gut, kidney and skeletal muscle. Magnocellular stimulation produced little effect on arterial pressure and marked vasodilation in the hindquarters. Blockade of peripheral vasopressin vascular receptors did not affect the vasoconstrictor response produced by stimulation of PVN. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the long descending neural projections of the parvocellular PVN subserve a selective vasoconstrictor function.
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PMID:A comparison of the hemodynamic effects produced by electrical stimulation of subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus. 294 Nov 12

Drug-induced constipation is mostly caused by changes in gut motility, whilst diarrhoea is more frequently caused by an increase in intestinal fluid secretion. In both instances the drug has to reach the enteric nervous system or the enterocyte, either via the blood or from the lumen, in sufficient concentrations to affect the mediators that regulate motility and fluid transport. Diarrhoea and constipation are frequently mentioned as side-effects of drugs, and therapeutic agents for almost all organ systems have been implicated. However, both these side-effects are usually mild or moderate, and rarely necessitate interruption of drug treatment. An exception to this rule is the antibiotic-associated colitis seen in patients treated with antibiotics such as lincomycin or clindamycin; in principle almost all antibiotics may cause this severe and potentially life-threatening complication. Other rare forms of severe, drug-induced colitis and diarrhoea result from toxic or anaphylactic reactions against gold preparations, cytostatic agents and sulphonamides. Ischaemic colitis due to vascular complications has been described in some women taking oral contraceptives, and in patients treated with vasopressin or digitalis.
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PMID:Diarrhoea and constipation. 304 67

Two studies were carried out to examine endocrine changes during a 60-min period of operant drinking in 24-h dehydrated pigs. Measurements were made of water intake, osmolality, hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of lysine vasopressin (LVP) and cortisol during rehydration (experiment 1) and of fluid intake, osmolality, and LVP levels during consumption of isotonic saline (experiment 2). Increases in osmolality and LVP produced by dehydration in experiment 1 were rapidly reversed during rehydration with the result that osmolality returned to predeprivation levels after 20 min and LVP after 30 min, but there was no evidence of a decrease in LVP before absorption. Plasma cortisol concentrations were unaffected by dehydration although they declined during the final 40 min of experiment 1. In experiment 2, osmolality remained elevated during saline drinking, but plasma concentrations of LVP declined abruptly. The results suggest that oropharyngeal factors inhibiting vasopressin release, revealed during saline ingestion, are obscured during normal rehydration as a result of the rapid rate at which water is absorbed by the gut in this species.
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PMID:Changes in vasopressin and cortisol secretion during operant drinking in dehydrated pigs. 340 2

The endogenous opiate system is involved in the regulation of numerous bodily functions, but the literature suggests that the effects of endogenous opioids differ among species and between animals and man. Naltrexone, a relatively pure opiate antagonist, appears to have significant effects on the secretion of the gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, and probably catecholamines. Naltrexone appears to have minor or no effects on prolactin, the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, vasopressin, and the gut hormones. Naltrexone also seems to reduce food intake and cause weight loss in humans. The dosages of opiate antagonist and the presence of other variables play a major role in the responses seen in various studies.
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PMID:Endocrine and metabolic effects of opiate antagonists. 608 67

Opiate receptors in the central nervous system may be classified according to pharmacological, behavioural, or binding studies. Classical mu-receptors probably have beta-endorphin as an endogenous ligand, and seem to be involved in the modulation of pain perception, low-frequency acupuncture analgesia, and the stimulation of prolactin, growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone release. Met-enkephalin is likely to be an endogenous ligand for the delta-receptors, which predominate in the basal ganglia and limbic systems; such receptors may tonically inhibit the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor. It has been suggested that the newly-described kappa-receptors may inhibit the release of vasopressin and gonadotrophin-releasing factor; dynorphin may be their endogenous ligand. Endogenous opiates controlling cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes are likely to activate mu-receptors, while high-frequency acupuncture may alleviate the symptoms of opiate withdrawal by allowing an increase in Met-enkephalin to activate delta-receptors. In the periphery, beta-endorphin is concentrated in the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary, and is cosecreted with ACTH and related peptides. Circulating Met-enkephalin originates in the gut, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. Met-enkephalin may also be extracted from carcinoid tumours and phaeochromocytomas. Elevations in circulating Met-enkephalin may occur in certain disease states with cardiovascular and psychiatric manifestations. However, manipulation of endogenous or exogenous opiates has as yet no certain place in any clinical situation.
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PMID:Opiate receptors: enkephalins and endorphins. 630 48

The opioid peptide endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins--found in brain, pituitary, and gut--are neurohormones involved in the regulation of a number of seemingly diverse biologic activities, including respiration, mood, pain perception, blood pressure, body temperature, and certain visceral responses. When viewed in integrated fashion, however, the spectrum of activities induced by the administration of both the exogenous opiates (e.g. morphine) and the endogenous opioids resembles a natural physiologic state: the sleep state. We propose that the opioid peptides in conjunction with the peptide neurohormone vasopressin are involved in the induction and maintenance of the sleep state. We also propose that the function of sleep is to protect an animal during periods when it is at a selective disadvantage, and we provide evidence to support and integrate both concepts.
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PMID:Possible role of the opioid peptides in sleep. 647 55

The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on several enzymes of glycogen metabolism in rat hepatocytes were compared with those of glucagon and of vasopressin (ADH). VIP caused phosphorylase activation and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes from fed rats. In hepatocytes from fasted rats incubated with glucose, lactate, and pyruvate, VIP inhibited net glycogen deposition, inactivated glycogen synthase, and activated phosphorylase. VIP was about 100-fold less potent than glucagon and 1,000-fold less potent than ADH in causing activation of phosphorylase. The ability of VIP to activate phosphorylase was not altered by chelation of the calcium in the medium. The half maximal effective doses of VIP for both phosphorylase activation and stimulation of glycogenolysis were 10-30 nM. Treatment with VIP, ADH, or glucagon did not decrease phosphorylase phosphatase activity. Each of these hormones, however, lengthened the lag time before synthase phosphatase activity was expressed in vitro. Other gut hormones tested did not affect hepatocyte glycogen metabolism. These results do not support the concept of physiologic control of hepatic glycogen metabolism by VIP or by other gut hormones.
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PMID:Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on glycogen metabolism in rat hepatocytes. 680 98

Galanin is a brain-gut peptide occurring widely in the central and peripheral nervous system. Effects of iv administration of synthetic human galanin on pituitary GH, PRL, and antidiuretic hormone secretion were studied. Intravenous infusion of the peptide resulted in a significant increase in plasma GH levels whereas PRL and antidiuretic hormone did not significantly change. These findings suggest that galanin might play a role in modulating GH secretion in humans.
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PMID:Effect of human galanin on growth hormone prolactin, and antidiuretic hormone secretion in normal men. 752 48

Annetocin, an oxytocin-related peptide recently isolated from the lumbricid earthworm Eisenia foetida, and putative transmitter substances were examined for their effects on rhythmic, spontaneous contractions of isolated gut preparations of the earthworm. Significant, dose-dependent effects of the following substances were observed: acetylcholine (ACh), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and dopamine were excitatory, while serotonin (5-HT) and octopamine were inhibitory. Annetocin, oxytocin, and vasotocin stimulated spontaneous contraction of the earthworm gut, annetocin being approximately 10-fold more potent than oxytocin or vasotocin. However, arginine-vasopressin (Arg-vasopressin), lysine-vasopressin (Lys-vasopressin), tocinoic acid (N-terminal hexapeptide fragment of oxytocin), and MSH release-inhibiting factor (MIF; C-terminal tripeptide fragment of oxytocin) did not show any effect on the earthworm gut motility. On the other hand, oxytocin, vasotocin, Arg-vasopressin, Lys-vasopressin, and tocinoic acid caused spontaneous contractions of isolated rat uterine preparations, where the potency was in this order, while annetocin and MIF exerted no oxytocic activity on the uterus. Dose-response relationship of the effects of annetocin and its related peptides on the annelid and mammalian systems shows that amino acid residue at the third position of these peptides is important for exertion of excitatory action on the smooth muscle systems. The results in the present study suggest that receptors for annetocin and for GABA on the earthworm gut, unlike those for ACh, desensitize during continuous exposure to these substances.
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PMID:Effects of annetocin, an oxytocin-related peptide isolated from the earthworm Eisenia foetida, and some putative neurotransmitters on gut motility of the earthworm. 779 Aug 42


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