Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Galanin was purified from an extract of the stomach of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and its primary structure was established as Gly-Trp-Thr-Leu-Asn-Ser- Ala-Gly-Tyr-Leu10-Leu-Gly-Pro-His-Gly-Ile-Asp-Gly-His-Arg20- Thr-Leu-Ser-Asp- Lys-His-Gly-Leu-Ala. Trout galanin shows six amino acid substitutions compared with pig galanin, but the N-terminal region (residues 1-14) has been fully conserved. The distribution of galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) structures in the trout brain and pituitary was studied via immunohistochemistry. GAL-IR cell bodies were observed only in the caudal telencephalon, the preoptic region, and the mediobasal hypothalamus. GAL-IR fibers, however, are widely distributed throughout the brain, with a much lower density in the midbrain and posterior brain than in the tel- and diencephalon. Particularly dense innervation of the mediobasal hypothalamus, the ventral and supracommissuralis parts of the caudal telencephalon, and the region above and below the anterior commissure was observed. A heavy innervation of the pituitary was consistently detected. GAL-IR fibers were present in neurohypophyseal digitations of both the anterior and intermediate lobes with highest density in the region of the proximal pars distalis, where growth hormone and gonadotropic cells are located. Fibers were also seen in digitations of the rostral pars distalis, in particular between the prolactin follicles. The distribution of GAL-IR neurons in the central nervous system and pituitary of the trout suggests that the peptide may exercise an important role in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions, particularly those related to reproduction.
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PMID:Characterization of trout galanin and its distribution in trout brain and pituitary. 753 94

The distribution and regulation of galanin-R1 receptor (GAL-R1-R) mRNA has been studied in the anterior and mid-diencephalon by using in situ hybridization. Moreover, possible colocalization of GAL-R1-R mRNA and prepro-galanin or vasopressin mRNAs has been analyzed at the cellular level using double in situ hybridization methodology. Many nuclei in the hypothalamus expressed GAL-R1-R mRNA, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Strong expression was also seen in the same sections in various areas outside of the diencephalon. The distribution patterns are similar to those described in earlier studies. Double labeling experiments showed GAL-R1-R mRNA in vasopressin neurons in the PVN and SON. Moreover, GAL-R1-R mRNA and prepro-galanin mRNA were colocalized in several hypothalamic nuclei. GAL-R1-R mRNA levels showed a high degree of plasticity. Thus, salt loading resulted in a marked increase in GAL-R1-R mRNA levels in the PVN and SON and a moderate decrease was seen during lactation. In contrast, hypophysectomy caused a decrease in GAL-R1-R mRNA levels. Differential effects of colchicine were recorded with a decrease of GAL-R1-R mRNA in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons. After salt loading or during lactation, GAL-R1-R mRNA and prepro-galanin mRNA were regulated in parallel, whereas their levels changed in opposite directions after hypophysectomy and colchicine injection. In conclusion, GAL-R1-Rs are present in several hypothalamic nuclei, partly in neurons synthesizing galanin. The receptors are regulated in a specific fashion in the various nuclei, depending on the stimulus applied. The results suggest that the effect of galanin in the hypothalamus partly depends on the state of receptor expression.
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PMID:Galanin-R1 receptor in anterior and mid-hypothalamus: distribution and regulation. 973 81

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs of first choice in the therapy of moderate to severe depression and anxiety disorders. Their primary mechanism of action is via influence of the serotonergic (5-HT) system, but a growing amount of data provides evidence for other non-monoaminergic players in SSRI effects. It is assumed that neuropeptides, which play a role as neuromodulators in the CNS, are involved in their mechanism of action. In this review we focus on six neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing factor - CRF, galanin - GAL, oxytocin - OT, vasopressin - AVP, neuropeptide Y - NPY, and orexins - OXs. First, information about their roles in depression and anxiety disorders are presented. Then, findings describing their interactions with the 5-HT system are summarized. These data provide background for analysis of the results of published preclinical and clinical studies related to SSRI effects on the neuropeptide systems. We also report findings showing how modulation of neuropeptide transmission influences behavioral and neurochemical effects of SSRIs. Finally, future research necessary for enriching our knowledge of SSRI mechanisms of action is proposed. Recognition of new molecular targets for antidepressants will have a significant effect on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for mood-related disorders.
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PMID:Are neuropeptides relevant for the mechanism of action of SSRIs? 3082 24