Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sequential application of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used to localize multiple tissue antigens on a single free floating section of rat brain. Sequential visualization of individual antigens was achieved by the silver-gold-intensified diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the first step, nickel-intensified DAB in the second step, and the DAB alone in the third step of the immunostain procedure. For the demonstration of this method, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and vasopressin (VAS) antisera were used. Sections from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats pretreated with colchicine were stained. Black TH containing cell bodies were clearly distinguished from blue stained CRF cells and from yellow stained VAS-containing cell bodies in the PVN on the 25-30 micron thick vibratome sections. The sequential immunostaining procedure presented here results in superior staining of multiple antigens as compared to that achieved by the sequential application of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique.
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PMID:Light microscopic triple-colored immunohistochemical staining on the same vibratome section using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. 245 9

The roles of vasopressin and angiotensin II in the regulation of peripheral vascular tone were investigated in control rats and in rats with chronic (15 weeks) aortic stenosis, by intravenous application of a specific antagonist to the vascular receptors of vasopressin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor teprotide. The application of a Silver clip (0.6 mm) on the aorta ascendens produced a hemodynamically effective aortic stenosis with an increase in left ventricular weight (38%), a reduction in mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, and stroke volume index, and an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. In both groups of rats, a bolus injection of 30 micrograms of the vasopressin inhibitor d (CH2) 5 Tyr (Me) arginine vasopressin (AVP) showed an agonistic effect by increasing arterial pressure by 11 and 15 mm Hg, respectively, and no antagonistic effect in the control animals. In the rats with chronic aortic stenosis we observed a significant fall in blood pressure (4.1 +/- 5.5 mm Hg; p less than 0.05) and a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance of 6.3% (p less than 0.02). Stroke volume index and heart rate did not change. Most of the animals with aortic stenosis had inappropriately elevated plasma levels of vasopressin and increased levels of plasma renin concentration. The rats with aortic stenosis and inappropriately increased values of vasopressin showed significantly lower plasma osmolality, cardiac index, and stroke volume index and increased peripheral vascular resistance compared with the stenosed rats with a normal osmoregulation of vasopressin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Vasoconstrictor role of vasopressin and angiotensin in experimental aortic stenosis in the rat. 245 39

In order to examine the morphological substrates for neuronal connections between cells of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that contain immunoreactivity for different neurotransmitters, a double ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis was used. For double immunostaining, the first neuroactive substance antigen was labeled with gold-substituted silver-intensified peroxidase (GSSP), which results in a granular gold deposit of high electron and light opacity. The second antigen was labeled with peroxidase and a diaminobenzidine chromagen. The GSSP reaction product greatly increased the visibility of immunoreactive structures, with both light and electron microscopy. Intensification with the GSSP method worked at all depths of thick tissue sections as determined with analysis of immunostained sections cut perpendicular to their flat surface, and with analysis of thick 80-micron sections of brain tissue into which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been microinjected. On a nitrocellulose dot-blot comparison of different substrates for HRP, the GSSP intensification compared favorably with tetramethylbenzidine, but unlike tetramethylbenzidine, the GSSP was stable in a wide range of buffers. In addition to diaminobenzidine, the GSSP reaction was used to intensify and stabilize both the Hanker-Yates reagent and tetramethylbenzidine on the nitrocellulose model system. Through the use of the GSSP reaction, five new synaptic relationships in the suprachiasmatic nucleus were revealed. By increasing the sensitivity of the peroxidase method by silver-gold intensification, immunoreaction product could be found in dendrites at a greater distance from the perikaryon than in nonintensified material. Because of this greater sensitivity, the neuroactive substance contained in the cell of origin of a dendrite could sometimes be identified. Boutons immunoreactive for vasopressin-associated neurophysin were found to make synaptic contact with postsynaptic dendrites that also contained vasopressin-neurophysin immunoreactivity. Similarly, boutons containing gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactivity made synaptic contact with cells also exhibiting gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactivity. Neurons stained with GSSP reaction product could be easily discriminated from those containing only HRP-precipitated diaminobenzidine, allowing the simultaneous use of these two markers in the same 30-micron tissue section and subsequently in ultrathin sections for electron microscopy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Synaptic relationships between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin-releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: dual ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase. 287 14

Messenger RNAs (mRNA) coding for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin and vasopressin were localized in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat hypothalamus using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Specific mRNA coding for each of these peptides was distributed in areas coextensive with the immunohistochemical localization of the appropriate peptide. The autoradiographic signal produced with probes to VIP and PHI created dense concentrations of silver grains over neuronal perikarya in the ventrolateral SCN, and the coextensive distribution of both VIP- and PHI-mRNAs suggests that both peptides are synthesized within the same neurons. The distribution of somatostatin-mRNA was distinct from the of VIP and PHI. Labeled neurons are observed at the interface of the two SCN subdivisions and the distribution of these neurons is identical to those shown to contain somatostatin immunoreactivity. Vasopressin-mRNA is also differentially concentrated within neurons in the dorsomedial subdivision of the SCN in an area that is coextensive with vasopressin-immunoreactive perikarya. The discrete pattern of hybridization for each of these mRNAs indicates that each of these peptides are synthesized in SCN neurons and reaffirms the differential distribution of each of these chemically defined cell populations within cytoarchitecturally distinct subdivisions of the nucleus.
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PMID:Localization of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide histidine isoleucine- and somatostatin-mRNA in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 289 92

Net water flow JW was measured across the urinary bladder of toads Bufo marinus and averaged over periods of 1 min by means of a volumetric, automatic technique. The diterpene forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase bypassing the hormonal receptor subunit, induced a rapid, reversible, dose-dependent increase in osmotic water permeability, Pf, very similar to that induced by vasopressin. At 1.1 microM, forskolin induced a half-maximal response. At 5 microM forskolin caused a near maximal response and Pf increased from 1.66 +/- 0.15 to 66.6 +/- 2.99 microns s-1. In bladders pre-exposed to 5 microM-forskolin, further significant increases in Pf were obtained by their subsequent exposure to vasopressin, cyclic AMP, theophylline or serosal hypertonicity. The similarity of the forskolin and vasopressin actions was further demonstrated by the finding that substances causing enhancement (quercetin) or inhibition (trifluoperazine, vanadate, silver, cobalt, manganese and Ca2+-free Ringer solution) of the vasopressin response, induced parallel changes in the forskolin response. Three agents, however, induced dissimilar effects on vasopressin and forskolin: high K+ potentiated vasopressin but inhibited forskolin; methohexital and diamide inhibited vasopressin but had no effect on forskolin. The forskolin-induced hydrosmotic response can be viewed as a new criterion for ascertaining the messenger role of cycle AMP in the the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.
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PMID:Forskolin mimics the hydrosmotic action of vasopressin in the urinary bladder of toads Bufo marinus. 299 97

Glycoconjugates were localized by light microscopy with lectin-peroxidase conjugates and by electron microscopy with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) sequence in immunocytochemically or morphologically identified cell types in rat pituitary. Lectin histochemistry demonstrated sialic acid and glycoconjugates with N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides in gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and corticotrophs. Galactose penultimate to sialic acid was observed mostly in gonadotrophs. The terminal galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide was detected in a few gonadotrophs and in a moderate number of mammotrophs. Fucose was localized in only corticotrophs with two fucose-binding lectins and in thyrotrophs with another. Several different monosaccharides were seen in glycoconjugates in melanotrophs and in Herring bodies. Melanotrophs displayed heterogeneous staining with fucose-binding lectins. A small number of nonsecretory cells were also visualized in the pars distalis by virtue of their glycogen content. PA-TCH-SP staining revealed complex carbohydrates in secretory granules and some Golgi cisternae in all types of hormone-producing cells in the pars distalis except for the somatotrophs. Melanotrophs of pars intermedia exhibited stained secretory granules and irregular dense bodies containing a stained meshwork. Corticotrophs of the pars distalis lacked the latter bodies, although they form the same glycoprotein precursor hormone as melanotrophs. Lectin conjugates and the PA-TCH-SP sequence stained some groups of secretion granules in Herring bodies, possibly representing vasopressin-containing granules as well as other cell types in the pars nervosa.
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PMID:Glycoconjugate localization with lectin and PA-TCH-SP cytochemistry in rat hypophysis. 299 73

This ultrastructural study demonstrates that the vasopressin immunoreactivity found in the occasional, densely stained cells in the hypothalamus of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 50-micron Vibratome sections were stained with anti-vasopressin serum by use of a peroxidase method with 3,3-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The diaminobenzidine end-product has a specific capability to bind gold particles from a chloroauric acid solution and the bound gold was used to precipitate silver grains from a silver developer. The stained sections were flat embedded in resin and ultrathin sections were cut of areas containing the immuno-identified occasional cells. In these densely stained, vasopressin-immunoreactive cells of homozygous Brattleboro rats the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated. The lumen of the reticulum contained both end-products of diaminobenzidine and gold/silver grains, but some parts of the reticulum appeared unstained. No other cell organelles were immunostained and no secretory granules were found. In control rats, gold/silver deposits were found throughout the cytoplasm of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells. In these immunostained cells secretory granules were seen.
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PMID:Mutant vasopressin precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum of the Brattleboro rat. Ultrastructural evidence from individual "vasopressin" cells localized with the light microscope by use of a new gold/silver method for immunostain enhancement. 318 Jan 92

Immunocytochemical studies have shown that adrenalectomy produces changes in the content and distribution of [arginine-8]vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether manipulation of adrenal hormones affects the levels of AVP mRNA. In situ hybridization assays with highly specific synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes and immunocytochemistry were used to detect the distribution of AVP mRNA and AVP-immunoreactive perikarya. AVP mRNA is codistributed with AVP immunoreactivity in the posterior magnocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus and its accessory nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In adrenalectomized rats, the density and distribution of the hybridization signal were increased in the paraventricular nucleus; a 2-fold increase in the area comprising the signal was observed. At the cellular level, silver grains were detected in corticotropin-releasing-factor-immunoreactive neurons throughout the medial parvocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus. No changes were seen in the distribution of AVP mRNA in the supraoptic or suprachiasmatic nuclei. Treatment with dexamethasone prevented the increase in AVP mRNA produced by adrenalectomy. In contrast, adrenalectomy did not alter the hybridization signal obtained with a probe for alpha-tubulin mRNA. These results suggest, at the cellular level, that adrenalectomy induces a glucocorticoid-sensitive stimulation of AVP mRNA synthesis in the central nervous system. Thus, considerable plasticity in gene expression is retained in the hypothalamus of the adult rat.
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PMID:Glucocorticoid sensitivity of vasopressin mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. 345 67

The GABAergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary was studied at the light and electron microscope levels by means of radioautography after in vitro incubation in tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and immunocytochemistry using antibodies against GABA. Following incubation of pituitary fragments in a medium containing tritiated GABA, a selective uptake of the tracer was observed within the digitations of the neurohypophysis. Silver grain clusters were also observed in the adenohypophyseal tissue. At the electron microscope level, this uptake was found to correspond to nerve endings containing small clear and dense-core vesicles. These labeled profiles were located mainly in neurohypophyseal digitations in close apposition with the basement membrane separating the neurohypophysis from the adenohypophysis. However, they were also encountered in direct contact with most adenohypophyseal cell types in the different lobes. These results were confirmed by immunocytochemical data demonstrating the presence of numerous GABA immunoreactive fibers in both anterior and neurointermediate lobes. They were found either in the digitations of the neurohypophysis or in the adenohypophysis in direct contact with the glandular cells with a distribution and an ultrastructural aspect similar to those observed by radioautography. These data demonstrate that the pituitary of teleosts receives a massive GABAergic innervation. Although physiological data providing a functional significance for such an innervation are lacking, the present study suggests that, as already documented in mammals, GABA may be involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary functions in teleosts.
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PMID:Central GABAergic innervation of the pituitary in goldfish: a radioautographic and immunocytochemical study at the electron microscope level. 366 9

Binding of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor probe [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate ([3H]QNB) and the putative nicotinic receptor probe [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha BTX) to vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) neuroendocrine cells was investigated with a combination of quantitative receptor binding, autoradiography and immunocytochemistry. A single high-affinity site was labelled by [3H]QNB in the hypothalamus and pituitary (KD = 0.76-1.44 X 10(-10) M) with a mean hypothalamic density of 213 fmol/mg protein compared with only 56 fmol/mg protein in the pituitary. Analysis of autoradiographic silver grains from [3H]QNB binding revealed a relative absence of binding associated with magnocellular VP and OT cell groups in the hypothalamus. The median eminence and neural lobe of the pituitary contained low levels of [3H] QNB binding, which, however, were the highest within the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. The ligand [125I]alpha BTX binds with both a high and low affinity to sites within the hypothalamus and pituitary (high-affinity KD = 0.77-1.03 X 10(-10) M). In the hypothalamus the density of high-affinity binding sites (25 fmol/mg protein) is approximately 2.5 times greater than in the pituitary. In contrast to [3H]QNB, high-affinity binding of [125I]alpha BTX was found to be highly concentrated within the supraoptic nucleus, nucleus circularis, and the magnocellular areas of the paraventricular nucleus. Autoradiographic silver grains were distributed over both VP and OT immunoreactive neurons and processes. Binding within the neural lobe was very low. These data suggest that the cholinergic regulation of VP and OT release may occur via nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the level of the magnocellular cell bodies and predominantly via muscarinic cholinergic receptors within the neural lobe.
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PMID:Differential distribution of muscarinic cholinergic and putative nicotinic cholinergic receptors within the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. 382 79


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