Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A nicotinic-cholinergic receptor appears to mediate osmotic stimulation of vasopressin (VP) release by the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explant. Nicotinic blocking agents, hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium chloride, and trimethaphan, blocked VP release in response to the addition of sufficient NaCl to yield a 10 mosm/kg H2O increase in culture medium osmolality. Atropine at a similar molar concentration was ineffective in blocking VP release in response to the same osmotic stimulus. Tetraethylammonium chloride and trimethaphan also blocked acetylcholine-stimulated VP release. These findings support the hypothesis that the osmoreceptive element responsible for controlling VP release resides in a separate cell and communicates with the VP cell by way of a nicotiniccholinergic receptor.
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PMID:Cholinergic involvement in osmotic control of vasopressin release by the organ-cultured rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. 45 15

The facilitation of peptide secretion from the neurohypophysis induced by increasing stimulation frequency is accompanied by action potential (AP) prolongation. One hypothesis argues that inactivation of potassium channels in the neural lobe terminal membranes, under these conditions, is the underlying mechanism which leads to AP prolongation, and, therefore, increased calcium entry and secretion per AP. Therefore, factors which are known to cause AP prolongation, such as stimulus frequency and potassium channel blocking agents, were studied and compared with regard to their ability to augment electrically evoked release of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) from isolated rat neurointermediate lobes (NILs). OT release (to a constant applied stimulus of 600 spikes) was maximally facilitated by increasing frequency up to a rate of 30 Hz, whereas VP release in the same stimulus paradigm was maximal between 12 and 20 Hz. Tetraethylammonium (TEA), 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and barium each caused a significant augmentation of AP-dependent, electrically stimulated hormone release, without affecting basal levels. The magnitude of the effect of the K channel blocking agents was inversely related to the frequency of the applied stimulus. Application of either 4AP or TEA caused a shift in the range of frequency dependence for OT such that maximal release was seen at a stimulus frequency of 12 Hz, but there was no comparable change in the pattern of VP release. The maximal effects of TEA and 4AP were additive indicating that the NIL terminals have two types of K channels which appear to be involved in the regulation of secretion. Addition of the three agents together produced maximal release at a stimulus frequency of 4 Hz, which was not facilitated further by the increase of stimulus frequency to 20 Hz. These data demonstrate the importance of potassium channels in the regulation of VP and OT secretion, and provide indirect support for the spike prolongation hypothesis of frequency facilitated secretion in the neural lobe.
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PMID:Effects of stimulus frequency and potassium channel blockade on the secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. 244 64

The effects of noradrenaline and of raised external potassium ([K+]o) on the efflux of 86Rb or 42K and on tension were studied in preparations taken from eight different arteries under various conditions. There was a 10-fold variation in the maximum 86Rb efflux evoked by noradrenaline (10(-5)-10(-4) M) in the arteries studied, even though tension generated was comparable. Arterial contractions were either accompanied by large increases in 86Rb efflux, e.g. rabbit ear artery and aorta, guinea-pig and rabbit pulmonary artery, or by small increases, e.g. rabbit and guinea-pig mesenteric artery, rabbit brachial artery and guinea-pig abdominal aorta. Raising [K+]o also had a diverse effect on 86Rb and 42K efflux: arteries giving small increases in efflux to noradrenaline also gave small increases in efflux to raised [K+]o. The maximum efflux evoked by raised [K+]o was on average three times greater than the maximum efflux evoked by noradrenaline in the arteries studied. The heterogeneity of the efflux response could not be explained by the quantitative heterogeneity of the efflux response could not be explained by the quantitative differences in the effects of noradrenaline or of raised [K+]o on membrane potential or, in the case of noradrenaline, by differences in the alpha-receptors. In arteries in which the noradrenaline-evoked 86Rb efflux was small, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, vasopressin and angiotensin also had little effect. Conversely, where noradrenaline produced a large increase in 86Rb efflux those other stimulants had comparable effects. Removal of extracellular calcium only slightly reduced the increment in 86Rb efflux evoked by 66 mM-external K+ in the rabbit aorta even though contractions were virtually abolished under these conditions. In the case of 10(-5) M-noradrenaline, 40% of the contraction remained and its effect on efflux was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in calcium-free conditions. Essentially similar results were obtained using 42K. Tetraethylammonium (10-20 mM) produced a significant and substantial reduction (P less than 0.001) in the 86Rb efflux evoked by raised [K+]o while only slightly affecting the noradrenaline-evoked efflux in the rabbit aorta. It was concluded from these efflux experiments on vascular muscle that the channels through which potassium can escape, opened by depolarization and by activation of alpha-receptors with noradrenaline, are from different populations, and that their properties vary from one artery to another. We have been unable to detect any substantial calcium-activated component in 42K or 86Rb efflux responses to raised [K+]o or to noradrenaline.
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PMID:The diverse effects of noradrenaline and other stimulants on 86Rb and 42K efflux in rabbit and guinea-pig arterial muscle. 609 28

We identified Kv3-like high-threshold K+ currents in hypothalamic supraoptic neurons using whole cell recordings in hypothalamic slices and in acutely dissociated neurons. Tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive currents (< 1 mM TEA) evoked from -50 mV were characterized by a large component that inactivated in 10-30 ms, and a smaller, persistent component that inactivated in 1-2 s. I/V relations in dissociated neurons revealed TEA-subtracted currents with a slope and voltage dependency consistent with the presence of Kv3-like channels. In slices, tests with 0.01-0.7 mM TEA produced an IC50 of 200-300 nM for both fast and persistent currents. The fast transient current was similar to currents associated with the expression of Kv3.4 subunits, given that it was sensitive to BDS-I (100 nM). The persistent TEA-sensitive current appeared similar to those attributed to Kv3.1/3.2 subunits. Although qualitatively similar, oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons in slices differed in the stronger presence of persistent current in VP neurons. In both cell types, the IC50 for TEA-induced spike broadening was similar to that observed for current suppression in voltage clamp. However, TEA had a greater effect on the spike width of VP neurons than of OT neurons. Immunochemical studies revealed a stronger expression of the Kv3.1b alpha-subunit in VP neurons, which may be related to the greater importance of this current type in VP spike repolarization. Because OT and VP neurons are not considered fast firing, but do exhibit frequency- and calcium-dependent spike broadening, Kv3-like currents may be important for maintaining spike width and calcium influx within acceptable limits during repetitive firing.
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PMID:High-threshold, Kv3-like potassium currents in magnocellular neurosecretory neurons and their role in spike repolarization. 1524 Jul 61