Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravenous (i.v.) administration of cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) increased blood pressure in normal rats and reversed hypotension in haemorrhagic shock. Choline (54 mg/kg; i.v.), at the dose equimolar to 250 mg/kg CDP-choline decreased blood pressure of rats in both conditions and caused the death of all hypotensive animals within 2-5 min. Equimolar dose of cytidine (124 mg/kg; i.v.) did not change cardiovascular parameters. Choline levels in plasma, lateral cerebral ventricle and hypothalamus increased after CDP-choline administration. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) hemicholinium-3 pretreatment (20 microg), greatly attenuated the pressor effect of CDP-choline in both conditions. Atropine pretreatment (10 microg; i.c.v.) did not change the pressor effect of CDP-choline while mecamylamine (50 microg; i.c.v.) abolished the pressor response to drug. Besides, acetylcholine (1 micromol; i.c.v.) produced similar increases in blood pressure in normal and hypotensive conditions to that observed in CDP-choline given rats. CDP-choline (250 mg/kg; i.v.) increased plasma catecholamines and vasopressin levels but not plasma renin activity. Pretreatment of rats with either prazosin (0.5 mg/kg; i.v.) or vasopressin V(1) receptor antagonist, [beta-mercapto,beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl(1),O-Me-Tyr(2)-Arg(8)]vasopressin (10 microg/kg; i.v.), attenuated the pressor response to CDP-choline while simultaneous administration of these antagonists before CDP-choline injection completely blocked the pressor effect. Results show that i.v. CDP-choline increases blood pressure and reverses hypotension in haemorrhagic shock. Activation of central nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms by the increases in plasma and brain choline concentrations appears to be involved in the pressor effect of this drug. Moreover, the increases in plasma catecholamines and vasopressin levels mediate these effects.
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PMID:Intravenously injected CDP-choline increases blood pressure and reverses hypotension in haemorrhagic shock: effect is mediated by central cholinergic activation. 1274 20

Central administration of choline increases blood pressure in normotensive and hypotensive states by increasing plasma concentrations of vasopressin and catecholamines. We hypothesized that choline could also modulate the renin-angiotensin pathway, the third main pressor system in the body. Plasma renin activity (PRA), which serves as an index of the function of the peripheral renin-angiotensin system, was determined in rats subjected to graded haemorrhage following central choline administration. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of choline (12.5-150 microg), a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), inhibited the increase in PRA in rats subjected to graded haemorrhage by sequential removal of 0.55 mL blood/100 g bodyweight. Choline, in the range 50-150 microg, increased blood pressure. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 150 microg choline failed to alter blood pressure and plasma renin responses to graded haemorrhage. Administration of a higher dose (90 mg/kg, i.p.) of choline decreased blood pressure and enhanced PRA in the first two blood samples obtained during the graded haemorrhage. Physostigmine (10 microg, i.c.v.), ACh (10 microg, i.c.v.), carbamylcholine (10 microg, i.c.v.) and cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline; 250 microg, i.c.v.) increased blood pressure and attenuated plasma renin responses to graded haemorrhage. Inhibition of PRA by i.c.v. choline was abolished by i.c.v. pretreatment with mecamylamine (50 microg), but not atropine (10 microg). Blood pressure responses to choline (150 microg) were attenuated by pretreatment with both mecamylamine and atropine. Inhibition of PRA in response to central choline administration was associated with enhanced plasma vasopressin and catecholamine responses to graded haemorrhage. Pretreatment of rats with a vasopressin antagonist reversed central choline-induced inhibition of plasma renin responses to graded haemorrhage without altering the blood pressure response. In conclusion, central administration of choline inhibits the plasma renin response to graded haemorrhage. Nicotinic receptor activation and an increase in plasma vasopressin appear to be involved in this effect.
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PMID:Central choline suppresses plasma renin response to graded haemorrhage in rats. 1851 80

This review provides an overview of the interaction between the mammalian cholinergic system and circadian system, and its possible role in time memory. Several studies made clear that circadian (daily) fluctuations in acetylcholine (ACh) release, cholinergic enzyme activity and cholinergic receptor expression varies remarkably between species and even strains. Apparently, cholinergic features can be flexibly adjusted to the needs of a species or strain. Nevertheless, it can be generalized that circadian rhythmicity in the cholinergic system is characterized by high ACh release during the active phase of an individual. During the active phase, the activity of the ACh synthesizing enzyme Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) is enhanced, and the activity of the ACh degrading enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is reduced. The number of free, unbound and thus available muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) is highest when ACh release is lowest. The cholinergic innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the hypothalamic circadian master clock, arises from the cholinergic forebrain and brain stem nuclei. The density of cholinergic fibers and terminals is modest as compared to other hypothalamic nuclei. This is the case for rat, hamster and mouse, three chronobiological model rodent species studied by us. A new finding is that the rat SCN contains some local cholinergic neurons. Hamster SCN contains less cholinergic neurons, whereas the mouse SCN is devoid of such cells. ACh has an excitatory effect on SCN cells (at least in vivo), and functions in close interaction with other neurotransmitters. Originally it was thought that ACh transferred retinal light information to the SCN. This turned out to be wrong. Thereafter, the phase shifting effects of ACh prompted researches to view ACh as an agent for nocturnal clock resetting. It is still not clear, however, what the function consequence is of SCN cholinergic neurotransmission. Here, we postulate the hypothesis that cholinergic neurotransmission in the SCN provides the brain with a mechanism to support the formation of time memory via 'time stamping'. We define time memory as the memory of a specific time of the day, for which an animal made an association with a certain event and/or location (for example in case of time-place association). We use the term 'time stamping' to refer to the process underlying the encoding of a specific time of day (the time stamp). Only relatively brief but arousing events seem to be time stamped at SCN level. This time stamping requires the engagement of mAChRs. New data suggests that the SCN uses the neuropeptide vasopressin (AVP) as an output system to transfer the specific time of day information to other brain regions such as hippocampus and neocortex where time memory is supposed to be acquired, consolidated and stored. Since time stamping is a cholinergically mediated function of the circadian system, the early disruption of the cholinergic and circadian systems as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may contribute to the cognitive disruption of temporal organization of memory and behavior in these patients.
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PMID:The cholinergic system, circadian rhythmicity, and time memory. 2111 64


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