Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The coexistence of galanin (GAL)-like immunoreactivity (LI) with markers for catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), GABA, or some neuropeptides was mapped in the rat CNS by using adjacent sections, as well as by elution-restaining and double-labeling immunocytochemistry. Many instances of coexistence were observed, but there were also numerous GAL-positive cell body populations displaying distributions similar to those of these markers but without apparent coexistence. In the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus GAL-LI was found in a large proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell bodies (A12 cells), both in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions, with a higher number in the latter. GAL-LI coexisted in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive somata in the posterior aspects of the arcuate nucleus and at all rostrocaudal levels in fibers in the external layer of the median eminence. In the anterior hypothalamus, a large population of the cells of the parvocellular and magnocellular paraventricular nuclei contained both GAL-LI and vasopressin-LI. Moreover, somata containing both GAD- and GAL-LI were seen lateral to the mammillary recess in the tuberal and caudal magnocellular nuclei. Some of the neurons of the caudal group were shown to project to the occipital cortex using combined retrograde tracing and immunofluorescence. With regard to mesencephalic and medullary catecholamine neurons, GAL-LI coexisted in a large proportion of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus somata (A6 cell group) and in the A4 group dorsolateral to the fourth ventricle, as well as in the caudal parts of the A2 group in the dorsal vagal complex. However, in more rostral parts of the latter, especially in the medial subdivision of the solitary tract nucleus, a very large population of GAL-IR small cell bodies was seen intermingling with catecholamine neurons, but they did not contain TH-LI. Furthermore, GAL-IR cell bodies coextensive with, but not coexisting in, TH-IR somata were seen in the C1 (epinephrine) horea in the ventrolateral medulla at the level of area postrema and in the most rostral aspects of the C1 group. Finally, 5-HT-positive cell bodies of the mesencephalic and medullary raphe nuclei and a subpopulation of coarse 5-HT nerve fibers in the hippocampus co-contained GAL-LI. The present results demonstrate that a GAL-like peptide is present in many systems containing other neuroactive compounds, including dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-HT, GABA, and vasopressin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Coexistence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS. 243 3

Discrete brain structures were analysed for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and vasopressin content in normo- and hypotensive rats treated with the glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitor, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and the GABAA agonist muscimol. In the normotensive group treated with MPA only, the concentration of vasopressin increased in the supraoptic nucleus, indicating an inhibitory role for GABA. In the hypotensive group a rise in the vasopressin level in the nucleus of the solitary tract was detected and the GABA level decreased in the supraoptic nucleus. Muscimol decreased the concentration of vasopressin in the nucleus of the solitary tract. The changes in the concentration of vasopressin may be a result of increased or decreased activation of the GABAergic system. The results show that the GABA- and vasopressinergic systems somehow interact although the more precise way of action remains to be clarified.
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PMID:Biochemical evidence for the GABA regulation of vasopressin levels in microdissected brain structures after servo-controlled hypotension. 278 40

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

The distribution of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, 5-hydroxytryptamine- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity was analyzed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of male and female golden hamsters. Vasopressin. Vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is localized within neurons, dendrites and axons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Immunoreactive perikarya are restricted to the dorsomedial aspect of each nucleus and occur in highest numbers within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. Axons containing vasopressin-like immunoreactivity form a dense plexus in the dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nuclei and in a vertical column at the lateral aspect of each nucleus. Somatostatin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is also contained in neurons in the dorsomedial aspect of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and in thin varicose axons distributed throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei in a pattern similar to that of vasopressin-immunoreactive axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons are concentrated in the ventrolateral portion of each nucleus and occur almost exclusively within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. An extremely dense plexus of varicose axons exhibiting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity extends throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei and passes out of the dorsal aspect of each nucleus into the periventricular and anterior hypothalamic areas. Avian pancreatic polypeptide. Avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which arborize within the ventrolateral aspect of each nucleus. These fibers extend throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus and partially overlap the terminal field of retinal afferents. Glutamic acid decarboxylase. A very dense plexus of axonal varicosities exhibiting glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity fills both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral portions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus. Lightly stained immunoreactive perikarya also occur throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 5-Hydroxytryptamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which form a plexus in the ventromedial portion of each nucleus that is most dense in the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution. 615 Nov 47

The localization of the GABAergic neurons which send efferent fibers to the supraoptic nucleus was investigated. For this purpose the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, a specific marker for GABAergic neurons, was determined in the supraoptic nucleus after a variety of lesions. The severance of fibers from the mesencephalon and the mediobasal hypothalamus, as well as from the hippocampus, had no effect. However, lesions rostral to the nucleus reduced its activity in glutamic acid decarboxylase by about 40%, as did the infusion of kainic acid into the nucleus accumbens. Thus, the neurons in the supraoptic nucleus seem to receive a large part of their GABAergic afferents from the n. accumbens. In addition to that, GABAergic neurons intrinsic or adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus seem to contribute to the regulation of the release of vasopressin and/or oxytocin.
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PMID:Deafferentation studies on the glutamic acid decarboxylase content of the supraoptic nucleus of the rat. 699 43

The influence of GABA and of drugs, known to alter GABA-metabolism, on the hypovolaemia-provoked vasopressin release was investigated in rats. Blood volume was decreased without altering plasma osmolality or arterial blood pressure by i.p. injection of polyethylene glycol and the resulting plasma vasopressin concentration was measured using a radioimmunoassay. I.c.v. injections of GABA (0.4-2 mg) markedly suppressed the hypovolaemia-induced vasopressin release. The central inhibitory effect of GABA could not be related to appropriate changes in peripheral parameters believed to regulate vasopressin release (arterial blood pressure, renin-angiotensin system). Aminooxyacetic acid (9-81 mg kg-1, i.m.) and gamma-vinyl-GABA (1.5 g kg-1, i.p.), two potent inhibitors of GABA aminotransferase and known to increase brain GABA content, reduced vasopressin release to a comparable degree as did GABA (i.c.v.). On the other hand, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (10-90 mg kg-1, i.p.), an inhibitor of the GABA synthetizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, promoted the release of vasopressin when the rats were killed prior to the onset of convulsions. These results, on the whole, intimate the existence of a GABA-mediated inhibition in the central control of vasopressin release.
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PMID:Evidence for the involvement of a GABA-mediated inhibition in the hypovolaemia-induced vasopressin release. 719 56

We hypothesized that there may be a significant difference in the neuronal composition of the baroreceptor reflex pathway between normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats. Using the double-immunoreactive (IR) method, the topology and numbers of barosensitive neurons that contain glutamate (Glu), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were compared between the two strains. The control rats were sham-operated only for cannulation of the trachea and femoral artery/vein. The test rats were injected with the pressor agent phenylephrine to raise blood pressure and stimulate arterial baroreceptors. In both the control and test experiments, the c-Fos/Glu-, GAD-, TH- and PNMT-IR neurons were found in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM), while the FosB/ChAT-IR neurons were found in the NTS, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) and nucleus ambiguus (AMB). In the control experiment, no significant difference in numbers was recognized in any of the double-IR neurons between the two strains. In the test experiment, the numbers of FosB/ChAT-IR neurons in the NTS, DMX and AMB were significantly smaller in SHR than in WKY. The numbers of c-Fos/TH-IR neurons in the caudal VLM were significantly larger in SHR than in WKY. These results suggest that a smaller number of barosensitive cholinergic neurons in the DMX and AMB in SHR causes the weaker baroreceptor-cardiac vagal reflex in SHR, and that a larger number of barosensitive catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal VLM in SHR are involved in the stronger baroreceptor-vasopressin reflex in SHR.
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PMID:Difference in topology and numbers of barosensitive catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the medulla between SHR and WKY rats. 970 62

GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid) is the predominant neurotransmitter in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), with a central role in circadian time-keeping. We therefore undertook an ultrastructural analysis of the GABA-containing innervation in the SCN of mice and rats using immunoperoxidase and immunogold procedures. GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) neurons were identified by use of anti-GABA and anti-GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antisera. The relationship between GABA-ir elements and the most prominent peptidergic neurons in the SCN, containing vasopressin-neurophysin (VP-NP) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), was also studied. Within any given field in the SCN, approximately 40-70% of the neuronal profiles were GABA-ir. In GABA-ir somata, immunogold particles were prominent over mitochondria, sparse over cytoplasm, and scattered as aggregates over nucleoplasm. In axonal boutons, gold particles were concentrated over electron-lucent synaptic vesicles (diameter 40-60 nm) and mitochondria, and in some instances over dense-cored vesicles (DCVs, diameter 90-110 nm). GABA-ir boutons formed either symmetric or asymmetric synaptic contacts with somata, dendritic shafts and spines, and occasionally with other terminals (axo-axonic). Homologous or autaptic connections (GABA on GABA, or GAD on GAD) were common. Although GABA appeared to predominate in most neuronal profiles, colocalisation of GABA within neurons that were predominantly neuropeptide-containing was also evident. About 66% of the VIP-containing boutons and 32% of the vasopressinergic boutons contained GABA. The dense and complex GABAergic network that pervades the SCN is therefore comprised of multiple neuronal phenotypes containing GABA, including a wide variety of axonal boutons that impinge on heterologous and homologous postsynaptic sites.
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PMID:Morphological heterogeneity of the GABAergic network in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain's circadian pacemaker. 1069 83

The preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in female rats is dependent upon signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the site of a dominant circadian pacemaker. Various lines of evidence indicate that arginine-vasopressin (AVP)-containing projections from the SCN to the preoptic area (POA) contribute to the production of the surge of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). These actions may be mediated by V(1a) because the transcript for this AVP receptor subtype is predominant within the POA of the female rat. In this study, in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to examine V(1a) mRNA expression, either by itself or together with LHRH or glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) mRNA, within the POA of ovariectomized rats in the presence or absence of oestrogen. V(1a) mRNA was found in cells across the rostro-caudal axis of the POA; some were in close proximity to cells expressing LHRH mRNA. Coexpression of V(1a) and LHRH mRNAs was detected only very rarely. By contrast, cells with V(1a) mRNA commonly displayed GAD(65) mRNA. The density of V(1a) mRNA-expressing cells was particularly high within the anteroventral periventricular nucleus; at this site, V(1a) mRNA expression was elevated following oestrogen treatment. The present results indicate that V(1a)-mediated AVP actions may influence LHRH release via cells in the immediate vicinity of LHRH neurones and/or via oestrogen-regulated cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, which is a site that lacks LHRH neurones but plays an essential role in initiating the preovulatory LH surge.
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PMID:Cellular expression of V1a vasopressin receptor mRNA in the female rat preoptic area: effects of oestrogen. 1518 27

Confocal microscopy was used to assess activity-dependent neuroplasticity in neurotransmitter innervation of vasopressin immunoreactive magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Vesicular glutamate transporter 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) synaptic boutons were visualized in apposition to vasopressin neurons in the SON. A decrease in DBH synaptic boutons per cell was seen upon salt loading, indicating diminished noradrenergic/adrenergic innervation. Loss of DBH appositions to vasopressin neurons was associated with a general loss of DBH immunoreactivity in the SON. In contrast, the number of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 synaptic boutons per neuron increased with salt loading, consistent with increased glutamatergic drive of magnocellular SON neurons. Salt loading also caused an increase in the total number of glutamic acid decarboxylase synaptic boutons on vasopressinergic neurons, suggesting enhanced inhibitory innervation as well. These studies indicate that synaptic plasticity compensates for increased secretory demand and may indeed underlie increased secretion, perhaps via neurotransmitter-specific, activity-related changes in synaptic contacts on vasopressinergic magnocellular neurons in the SON.
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PMID:Activity-dependent modulation of neurotransmitter innervation to vasopressin neurons of the supraoptic nucleus. 1538 44


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