Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The central osmoregulation mechanism for vasopressin (VP) release was studied in the streptozotocin diabetic (STZ-DM) rat. Electrical activities of the VP-producing cell in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were recorded extracellularly and compared with those in the control rat both in vivo and in vitro. Neuronal activities in the periventricular area (PVA) were also recorded in the in vitro experiment. Hyperosmolar stimulation which was done with an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 M NaCl (4 ml/kg) resulted in an increase in plasma osmolality both of STZ-DM (increased by 14 +/- 2 mOsml/kg H2O) and control rats (15 +/- 3 mOsmol/kg H2O). Increased plasma osmolality caused significant increase in the mean discharge rate of VP-producing cells in the control animals, but only an insignificant change in STZ-DM rats. In the hypothalamic slice preparations incubated in the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (301 +/- 2 mOsml/kg H2O), VP-producing cells in control rats increased their discharge rate linearly as the osmolality (310 +/- 2 and 320 +/- 1 mOsmol/kg H2O) or concentration (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) of angiotensin II (AGII) of the perfusate was increased stepwise, but there was no change in response to either stimulus in STZ-DM rats. On the other hand, there was no difference in sensitivity to osmolality and AGII of PVA neurons in both animal groups. These data indicate that lower sensibility to osmotic change of VP-producing cells in STZ-DM rats may depend, at least partially, upon the disturbance of osmo- and AGII-sensitivity in VP-producing cells themselves, and that these changes seem to be restricted to SON VP-producing cells.
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PMID:Hypothalamic osmoregulation for vasopressin release in streptozotocin-diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro. 161 81

Neuronal dense-core vesicles provide a mechanism whereby peptide messengers are secreted in discrete quanta. Here we report on the capacity of rat hypophysiotrophic corticotropin releasing factor-41 neurons to alter the peptide content as well as the size of dense-core vesicles after removal of glucocorticoid negative feedback by adrenalectomy. We demonstrate, using quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, that long-term adrenalectomy induces a progressive increase in the ratio of vasopressin to corticotropin releasing factor-41-immunoreactive sites in the dense-core vesicle compartment. The intravesicular concentration of vasopressin appeared to be the variable parameter while that of the corticotropin releasing factor-41 remained stable at all survival times after adrenalectomy. Moreover, observations for up to 5 weeks indicate that adrenalectomy results in a progressive increase in the mean volume of dense-core vesicles to about three times normal. These results suggest that the quantal size and the composition of dense-core vesicles are subject to long-term modulation. The capacity of corticotropin releasing factor-41 neurons to alter dense-core vesicles could enhance or diminish the efficacy of the hypothalamohypophyseal communication underlying physiological adaptation to stress, as well as pathological changes.
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PMID:Hypophysiotrophic neurons are capable of altering the ratio of co-packaged neurohormones. 167 44

There are some reports on central nervous system involvements in patients with myasthenia gravis, such as abnormal EEG, and memory disturbance. Myasthenia gravis is considered to be an autoimmune disease with antibodies against the skeletal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (n-AChR). ACh is a neurotransmitter in osmoregulation. Neuronal n-AChR plays an important role in this regulation. In order to investigate the function of neuronal n-AChR in patients with myasthenia gravis, we performed a 5% hypertonic saline infusion test on 9 patients and 9 healthy volunteers. We also carried out an orthostatic stress test (50 degree passive head-up tilt) on 6 patients with myasthenia gravis and 5 healthy controls to evaluate arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release via baroreceptors. Three of the 9 MG patients showed exaggerated plasma AVP secretion, and one revealed a blunt response to hypertonic stimulation. Both patients and controls did not differ significantly in terms of plasma AVP response to orthostatic stress. To conclude, we suggest the possibility that function of neuronal n-AChR in the central nervous system is impaired in patients with myasthenia gravis.
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PMID:[Central acetylcholine receptor function in patients with myasthenia gravis]. 206 Feb 41

Neuronal tissue containing A-6 group noradrenalin (NA) neurons of the locus ceruleus, or A-10 group dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, was grafted into the third ventricle at the level of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region, in normotensive male rats. A significant and long-lasting depressor effect was shown in rats with either graft. In rats with an NA neuron-rich graft, plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), plasma renin activity (PRA), and corticosterone (CS) decreased significantly, whereas in rats with a DA neuron-rich graft, AVP and PRA concentrations also decreased significantly but CS showed no significant change. Neither NA nor adrenalin in plasma changed significantly in rats with either graft.
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PMID:Long-term depressor effects of catecholamine neuronal grafts in the third ventricle of the brain in normotensive rats. 206 61

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the secretion of vasopressin and the activities of hypothalamic tuberohypophysial and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in normal and dehydrated male rats. Neuronal activity was estimated by measuring the concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and dopamine (DA) in brain and posterior pituitary regions containing terminals of tuberohypophysial (neural lobe; intermediate lobe) and tuberoinfundibular (median eminence) DA neurons. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 20 micrograms ANP decreased basal arginine vasopressin concentrations in the plasma, but had no effect on the concentrations of DOPAC or DA in any region examined. Water deprivation caused a time-dependent increase in plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations, with maximal levels measured 2 days after removal of water bottles. Water deprivation had no effect on DOPAC concentrations in the neural lobe, intermediate lobe or median eminence, but increased DA concentrations in the neural lobe. ANP (20 micrograms/rat; icv) decreased arginine vasopressin concentrations in the plasma of water-deprived rats without altering DOPAC or DA concentrations in the neural lobe, intermediate lobe or median eminence. These results indicate that ANP-induced suppression of basal and dehydration-induced vasopressin secretion is not mediated by tuberohypophysial or tuberoinfundibular DA neurons.
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PMID:Atrial natriuretic peptide-induced suppression of basal and dehydration-induced vasopressin secretion is not mediated by hypothalamic tuberohypophysial or tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. 214 93

Neuronal perikarya containing vasopressin mRNA were detected in cryostat sections of cynomolgus monkey brains by using an in situ hybridization technique. The neurones were observed in hypothalamic regions (supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and accessory supraoptic nucleus). These findings are in agreement with previous reports using immunohistochemical methods.
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PMID:Localization of vasopressin mRNA-containing neurones in the hypothalamus of the monkey. 317 47

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) is the principal brain structure involved in the generation of circadian rhythms. In the present study, we have employed immunohistochemical techniques to evaluate the development of the fetal SCh following its transplantation to the brain of adult host animals. Donor hypothalami were obtained from normal Long-Evans fetuses and transplanted to the lateral, third, or fourth ventricle of Brattleboro rats. Neuronal aggregations exhibiting the organotypic features of the SCh were present in over 90% of the grafts recovered at each transplantation site. Like the normal endogenous SCh, SCh-like cell groups identified within the transplants contained a prominent population of parvicellular (9-13 micron), neurophysin-containing neurons that were immunopositive for vasopressin (VP) but not oxytocin. These SCh-like cell groups also invariably contained similar small neurons that were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Typically, VP and VIP immunoreactive perikarya were concentrated in contiguous, complementary parts of the grafted SCh, but fibers immunoreactive for either peptide were distributed throughout the extent of the nucleus. Because the brain of the Brattleboro rat is deficient in vasopressin, it was possible to evaluate the projection of the vasopressinergic component of the transplanted SCh to the host brain. Although SCh were identified in grafts recovered from each intraventricular transplantation site, an appreciable input to the host brain could be identified only when the fetal tissue was grafted to the third ventricle. Here, grafted SCh established efferent connections with periventricular diencephalic structures which ordinarily receive a projection from the in situ SCh. Specifically, VP immunoreactive fibers originating from transplanted SCh were identified in the medial preoptic area, the periventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, the paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus, and in the retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the host brain. These results demonstrate that the fetal SCh not only survives transplantation but also retains its distinguishing cytological features and the capacity to form an appropriately restricted set of efferent connections with the brain of adult host animals.
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PMID:Organization and efferent connections of transplanted suprachiasmatic nuclei. 334 77

Extracellular electrical recordings were taken from twenty antidromically identified paraventricular neurones in unanaesthetized, unrestrained rabbits. Neuronal activity was correlated with nursing behaviour of the doe and responses of the young during suckling. Magnocellular neurones were divided into two groups on the basis of their activity in suckling. Group 1 (n = 14) showed several discrete bursts of high-frequency activity whilst neurones in group 2 (n = 6) did not. Neurones in group 1 showed 5-9 bursts of high-frequency activity in suckling. Each burst lasted 1-4 s and represented a 3-10-fold rise in the discharge of the cell. These units were classified as oxytocinergic, as their stereotyped activation preceded bouts of sucking behaviour of the young indicative of milk ejection. All fourteen cells continued to show intermittent bursts of neurosecretory activity for up to 20 min after nursing terminated. This pattern of discharge followed grooming behaviour of the doe. In contrast, neurones in group 2 (n = 6) showed no high-frequency activity in suckling. They showed a significant fall in their discharge frequency compared with pre-suckling values (P less than 0.05; Student's t test) and a significant (P less than 0.05) lengthening of the modal interspike interval. They were classed as potential vasopressin-producing cells. Control recordings were taken from thirty-two neurones which could not be antidromically driven. The recording sites were shown histologically to be in the lateral hypothalamic area. These cells showed a significant fall in their discharge frequency (P less than 0.05) and a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the modal interval during suckling. Cross-correlation studies of the activity, recorded from one electrode, of groups of neurones clustered around a single hypothalamic neurone suggest that bursting discharge from the putative oxytocin neurones in suckling is accompanied by the synchronous activation of some of the surrounding magnocellular units.
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PMID:Activity of putative oxytocin neurones during reflex milk ejection in conscious rabbits. 670 64

Localization of enkephalins and opiate binding sites in the central nervous system of rats has been reported by several authors. These studies did not reveal an extensive enkephalinergic system in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis of rats. The present paper reports on an extensive enkephalinergic system in the cat hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Sections of paraformaldehyde fixed cat hypothalami were incubated with anti-methionine enkephalin serum, anti-vasopressin serum, and anti-oxytocin serum. Immunohistochemical localization of methionine enkephalin fibers and terminals in the median eminence, hypophyseal stalk, and pars nervosa was similar, but not identical to the distribution of vasopressin and oxytocin in these structures. Neuronal perikarya localized with the three antisera in the nucleus supraopticus and nucleus paraventricularis were of a similar size and morphology. In cats treated with colchicine prior to sacrifice, the anti-methionine enkephalin serum revealed a group of periventricular cell bodies. Cell bodies were not localized in this area with anti-vasopressin or anti-oxytocin sera. The functional significance of such an extensive enkephalinergic system in the cat hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis is discussed.
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PMID:Relationship between enkephalinergic neurons and the vasopressin-oxytocin neuroendocrine system of the cat: an immunohistochemical study. 699 53

1. Extracellular electrical recordings were taken from nine antidromically identified paraventricular units in unanaesthetized, unrestrained rats. Neuronal activity was correlated with the observed events of parturition, i.e. abdominal contractions and delivery of young or placentae. 2. The level of spontaneous activity (0.15--3.2 spikes s-1) of all nine units began to increase 15 min before the first signs of abdominal contraction. This accelerated discharge (2--5 fold increase over the background activity) was maintained throughout parturition (58--93 min) and for up to 45 min after delivery of the last placenta. 3. All nine neurones displayed at 6--14 s periods of even higher rate of discharge (10--32 spikes s-1) after forceful abdominal contractions. The peak firing rates within these periods of accelerated discharge decreased as labour progressed. 4. Four cells also showed a burst (5--12 s) of high-frequency activity 15--28 s before delivery of either fetuses or placentae. These four units were later classified as oxytocinergic on the basis of their stereotyped activation 10--12 s before reflex milk-ejection. 5. The remaining five neurones which did not respond with a burst of high-frequency discharge before delivery were classed as potential vasopressin-producing cells. Four of these units displayed a phasic pattern of activity with periods of activity (5--230 s) alternating with periods of silence (4--31 s).
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PMID:Extracellular recordings from oxytocin neurones during the expulsive phase of birth in unanaesthetized rats. 733 7


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