Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The magnitude of the maximum constrictor response to nerve stimulation was measured in the saphenous, ear, inferior and superior mesenteric, renal and carotid arteries in the rabbit and corresponding arteries, except the ear and carotid, in the guinea-pig. The responses varied from an average rise of 350 mm Hg in the rabbit saphenous to almost no response in the rabbit carotid. The guinea-pig arteries gave consistently smaller responses than the rabbit. The response magnitude was unrelated to wall thickness or the presence of an active uptake mechanism for noradrenaline. The response did correlate with the density of adrenergic innervation, with the wall thickness to lumen ratio and with the function of the artery and the amount of connective tissue in its wall.2. The magnitude of the maximum constrictor response to noradrenaline and six other agonist drugs, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT, KCl, vasopressin and angiotensin II, was compared. In all arteries noradrenaline was the most powerful agonist. The maximum responses to nerve stimulation and to noradrenaline were compared. In the rabbit saphenous and ear arteries this ratio was almost 1, but in arteries such as the rabbit renal it fell below 0.5.3. Artery wall stiffness was measured from the pressure/volume relationship during distension of a closed length of artery. In a relaxed artery two components only were present, an early easily distended phase and a late relatively undistensible phase. Noradrenaline caused a third, early, very stiff phase to appear in the pressure/volume curves. This is probably due to contracted muscle. The increase in stiffness varied from 617% in the rabbit saphenous to 152% in the rabbit carotid. In conducting arteries such as the carotid the change in stiffness was a more sensitive index of noradrenaline action than vaso-constriction.4. During the measurement of wall stiffness stress relaxation was not noticeable in relaxed arteries but was prominent in arteries contracted by noradrenaline. Stress relaxation involved both the changes in wall stiffness and the ability to constrict and was reversible even in the continuing presence of agonist drugs.5. Nerve stimulation, even in arteries where its vasoconstrictor effects were equal to those of noradrenaline, gave only slight increases in artery wall stiffness, suggesting that even in these densely innervated arteries only a small fraction of the muscle is activated by nerve stimulation.
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PMID:Constrictor and compliance responses of some arteries to nerve or drug stimulation. 433 55

Intrinsic vascular responsiveness to norepinephrine, transmural electrical stimulation, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, and vasopressin was studied in isolated helical cut strips of cystic artery (downstream branch of hepatic artery) from 120 subjects and related to blood pressure. Blood pressure, thickness of the tunica media, and passive elastic properties of arterial strips were each significantly correlated with age. With the exception of blood pressure in the female subjects, it is doubtful that these relationships are of major biologic significance. Nevertheless, in subgroup formation, care was taken to control for age. Hypertension was arbitrarily defined in three different ways as: (a) two diastolic pressure measurements greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg (HT90); (b) two diastolic pressure measurements greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg (HT95); or (c) treatment for hypertension instituted by a physician 6 months to 2 years after arteries were studied (HTQ). In arteries of hypertensive female subjects, responsiveness to norepinephrine (and possibly to 5-hydroxytryptamine) was increased significantly over the first half of the dose-response curve, particularly in the arteries of HT95 and HTQ subjects. Responses to transmural electrical stimulation and vasopressin were not consistently different. Such differences were not seen in arteries of male subjects where, if anything, responsiveness to norepinephrine (but not 5-hydroxytryptamine) was decreased. The present observations were made in the absence of any substantive difference in arterial dimensions (e.g., cross-section area) or in the maximal response to norepinephrine. The data support the notion that, at least for female subjects, alteration in intrinsic vascular responsiveness may play a role in the pathogenesis of human essential hypertension.
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PMID:Relationship of blood pressure to the responsiveness of an isolated human artery to selected agonists and to electrical stimulation. 608 64

The distribution of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, 5-hydroxytryptamine- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity was analyzed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of male and female golden hamsters. Vasopressin. Vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is localized within neurons, dendrites and axons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Immunoreactive perikarya are restricted to the dorsomedial aspect of each nucleus and occur in highest numbers within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. Axons containing vasopressin-like immunoreactivity form a dense plexus in the dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nuclei and in a vertical column at the lateral aspect of each nucleus. Somatostatin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is also contained in neurons in the dorsomedial aspect of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and in thin varicose axons distributed throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei in a pattern similar to that of vasopressin-immunoreactive axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons are concentrated in the ventrolateral portion of each nucleus and occur almost exclusively within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. An extremely dense plexus of varicose axons exhibiting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity extends throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei and passes out of the dorsal aspect of each nucleus into the periventricular and anterior hypothalamic areas. Avian pancreatic polypeptide. Avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which arborize within the ventrolateral aspect of each nucleus. These fibers extend throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus and partially overlap the terminal field of retinal afferents. Glutamic acid decarboxylase. A very dense plexus of axonal varicosities exhibiting glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity fills both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral portions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus. Lightly stained immunoreactive perikarya also occur throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 5-Hydroxytryptamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which form a plexus in the ventromedial portion of each nucleus that is most dense in the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution. 615 Nov 47

The effects of local intra-arterial infusions of serotonin (5 or 25 micrograms base/min) or norepinephrine (1 or 5 micrograms base/min) on cutaneous (skin) and skeletal muscle vasculatures were investigated in canine forelimbs perfused at constant flow in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Norepinephrine produced dose-related constriction of the skin and skeletal muscle vasculatures. In the cutaneous vascular circuit, norepinephrine produced large artery, small vessel, and large vein constriction. The increase in cutaneous vascular resistance was primarily due to an increase in small vessel resistance. Serotonin did not increase skeletal muscle vascular resistance but produced marked cutaneous vasoconstriction subsequent to large artery and large vein constriction. The small vessels, if anything, tended to dilate. The skin and skeletal muscle vascular responses to serotonin and norepinephrine were similar in innervated and acutely denervated forelimbs. Phentolamine pretreatment completely blocked all vascular actions of norepinephrine, and largely inhibited the cutaneous vasoconstriction produced by the infusion of the low dose of serotonin. However, the cutaneous large artery and large vein constriction produced by the infusion of the high dose of serotonin was not affected by phentolamine pretreatment. Cyproheptadine pretreatment blocked or largely inhibited the cutaneous vasoconstriction produced by serotonin only in doses which also inhibited norepinephrine and vasopressin cutaneous vasoconstriction. Pretreatment with methysergide blocked or largely inhibited the cutaneous large artery and large vein constriction produced by infusions of serotonin. Norepinephrine and vasopressin produced significant vasoconstriction in the presence of methysergide. These data suggest that the cutaneous large artery and large vein constriction produced by serotonin is not due to the activation of postjunctional alpha-adrenergic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Evidence that serotonin receptors mediate the cutaneous vasoconstriction produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine in canine forelimbs. 662 7

Stimulation of left atrial receptors causes a diuresis partly through a blood borne agent. Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus can detect a blood borne agent during the diuresis. It has been suggested that the agent is ADH but this is in dispute. In the present investigation, vasopressin (1-300 mu i.u. cm-3) was found to have no effect on Malpighian tubule secretion when added to plasma, Rhodnius Ringer and Rhodnius Ringer + 5-HT. In addition, it was shown that incubation with sodium thioglycollate of plasma samples obtained from anaesthetized dogs, before and during stimulation of atrial receptors by distension of a balloon in the lumen of the left atrium, did not abolish the differences between test and control plasma samples detected by the Malpighian tubules. It is concluded that differences in plasma detected by the Malpighian tubules and related to the diuresis which results from left atrial stimulation are not attributable to changes in concentration of ADH.
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PMID:Diuresis from stimulation of left atrial receptors: ADH and the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. 691 Jul 34

The effect of lysine-8-vasopressin (LVP) and oxytocin (OXT) has been studied on the steady-state level of serotonin (5-HT),dopamine(DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in various brain areas four hours after intraventricular microinjection of the neuropeptides. LVP (50 microU) diminished in content of 5-HT and NE in the mesencephalon, the content of 5-HT in the septum as well as the content of DA and NE in the dorsal hippocampus. OXT (500 microU), on the other hand, decreased the content of 5-HT, DA and Ne in the hypothalamus, as well as the content of DA in the mesencephalon. In contrast, the septal NW level was increased following OXT treatment. The data indicate that both LVP and OXT are capable of influencing the 5-HT and catecholamine levels as late as 4 h after their administration. Therefore, our findings support the previous notion that posterior pituitary neuropeptides affect behavioral processes via interacting with the cerebral monoaminergic neurotransmission.
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PMID:Intraventricular administration of vasopressin and oxytocin effects the steady-state levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in rat brain. 697 62

1 The response of the dog anococcygeus muscle to field stimulation and to some drugs has been studied. The results are compared with those reported previously in the rat, cat and rabbit. 2 Field stimulation produced frequency-dependent contractions which were inhibited by guanethidine and phentolamine. When the tonus of the muscle was increased with guanethidine, field stimulation always produced frequency-dependent relaxation. The relaxation was not prevented by propranolol. 3 The muscle was contracted by noradrenaline, tyramine, acetylcholine, histamine (H1), 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, prostaglandin E2 and vasopressin. Phentolamine, atropine, promethazine (but not cimetidine) and methysergide inhibited the effect of the respective agonists. 4 After increasing the tonus of the muscle, it was relaxed by low concentrations of isoprenaline. The relaxation was antagonized by propranolol. 5 The response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was variable. In some preparations, it relaxed the muscle, in others it contracted the muscle prior to relaxation, in others still it only contracted the muscle. Indomethacin did not prevent ATP-induced contraction. 6 It is concluded that the anococcygeus of the dog, like that of rat, cat and rabbit, has an adrenergic motor innervation and an inhibitory innervation, the transmitter of which is not identified.
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PMID:Pharmacological study of the anococcygeus muscle of the dog. 747 Jul 46

The viral transneuronal labeling method was used in combination with immunohistochemical procedures to identify CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons that innervate the sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) which project to the stellate ganglion--the principal source of the sympathetic supply to the heart. Transneuronal labeling was found at three CNS levels: spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamus. In the thoracic spinal cord, apart from the pseudorabies virus (PRV)-labeled stellate SPNs, PRV-labeled neurons were localized in laminae I/II, IV, V, VII, and X as well as in the lateral spinal nucleus and lateral funiculus. In the C1-C4 spinal segments, labeled neurons were found in the lateral funiculus as well as laminae V and VII of the spinal gray matter. PRV-labeled cells were identified in lamina V and the dorsolateral funiculus of the lumbar spinal cord. Three medullary areas were consistently labeled: rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and caudal raphe nuclei. The greatest concentration of labeling was found in the RVMM. This projection arose from adrenergic, serotonergic (5-HT), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactive neurons. The RVLM projection originated mainly from C1 adrenergic neurons, some of which contained immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY). C3 adrenergic-NPY neurons lying near the floor of the 4th ventricle were also labeled. Enkephalin-, somatostatin- and VIP-immunoreactive RVLM neurons also contributed to this projection. 5-HT neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, and raphe magnus) were labeled; some of these contained substance P or TRH-immunoreactivity with an occasional neuron staining for all three putative neurotransmitters. In the pons, catecholamine neurons in the A5 cell group, subcoeruleus and Kolliker-Fuse nuclei were labeled. The midbrain contained relatively few infected cells, but some were present in the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei. Forebrain labeling was concentrated in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) with lesser amounts in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the perifornical region. In the PVN, oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons accounted for the greatest chemically-defined projection while corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), vasopressin-, and angiotensin II-immunoreactive neurons provided successively lesser inputs. In the LHA, angiotensin II-immunoreactive neurons were labeled. In summary, this study provides the first detailed map of the chemically-coded CNS neurons involved in the control of the cardiosympathetic outflow.
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PMID:Transneuronal labeling of CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons after pseudorabies virus injections into the stellate ganglion. 755 33

The distribution of various vasoactive agents [nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- type I, endothelin-1 (ET-1), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), serotonin (5-HT), histamine and substance P (SP)] in the thoracic aortic endothelium of aged Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated using electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods. The aged thoracic aortic intima was characterized by a large number of leukocytes that adhered to the endothelium, an accumulation of a flake-like precipitate and clusters of leukocytes and smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the subendothelium. Age-associated alterations were also seen in the medial and adventitial layers of the vascular wall. An extensive vasa-vasorum was present in the adventitia from which leukocytes penetrated into perivascular tissue. Some vasa-vasorum showed mast cells adhered to perivascular pericytes. Immunocytochemistry showed about 70% endothelial cells (EC) with positive immunostaining for the brain isoform NOS-type I, compared to 10% in adult mature rats. About 10% of cells showed a positive immunoreaction for ET-1, which is about the same as for the mature adult thoracic aorta (8-9%). Subendothelial macrophages often showed positive immunostaining for antibodies against ET-1. The percentage of EC immunopositive to AVP, 5-HT, and histamine was 16-18, 15 and 12%, respectively compared to 5-8, 7-8 and 6% in mature adult rats. A few cells showed an immunopositive reaction for SP. In summary, the ageing vessel was characterized by a large number of leukocytes adhering to the endothelium and also by the presence of many macrophages and SMC in the subendothelial layer. The percentage of EC in rat thoracic aorta showing NOS immunostaining increased substantially from 10% in mature rats to 70% in aged rats. The percentage of EC immunopositive for AVP, 5-HT and histamine also increased about twofold compared to mature adult rats, while no changes were seen for ET-1.
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PMID:An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of thoracic aortic endothelium in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. 758 46

The present study assessed the long-term effects of sensory denervation on sympathetic innervation in rat mesenteric arteries. Mesenteric arterial beds were isolated from adult rats treated as neonates with capsaicin and from vehicle-treated and untreated rats and perfused at a constant flow rate of 5 ml/min. Frequency-dependent constrictions to electrical field stimulation of sympathetic nerves were markedly augmented in capsaicin-treated rats; maximal constriction was approximately 105% and 169% greater than in vehicle-treated and control preparations, respectively. Maximal contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) were increased by approximately 57% and 85%, respectively, compared with vehicle-treated preparations without a change in the pD2 values. Vasoconstrictions to ATP, vasopressin and KCl were unchanged. In contrast, acute denervation of sensory-motor nerves by in vitro capsaicin treatment had no significant effect on vasoconstrictor responses to electrical field stimulation or to NE, ATP, vasopressin and KCl, although the pD2 value for 5-HT was slightly increased. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis with electrochemical detection showed an approximately 100% increase in mesenteric arterial NE content after long-term capsaicin treatment. Tissue neuropeptide Y, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis, was unchanged. In conclusion, long-term sensory denervation of rats produces trophic changes in mesenteric arteries as evidenced by augmented sympathetic vasoconstriction mediated both prejunctionally (increase in tissue NE) and postjunctionally (enhanced responses to NE and 5-HT).
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PMID:Long-term sensory denervation by neonatal capsaicin treatment augments sympathetic neurotransmission in rat mesenteric arteries by increasing levels of norepinephrine and selectively enhancing postjunctional actions. 761 49


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