Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured volume regulating and stress hormones (AVP, aldosterone, ANP, c-GMP, angiotensin II, PRA, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ACTH, cortisol) in venous blood twice during a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) maneuver in one cosmonaut (31 years, 75 kg, 180 cm) preflight (supine), inflight (6th d in orbit), and on the 4th d (supine) after a 10-d flight. Antecubital blood was taken at the beginning (3 min: "a") and after ceasing (2 min: "b") 40 min LBNP (-15/-30/-35 mm Hg for 15/15/10 min). At the beginning of LBNP, no big changes of resting hormone levels are to be expected. Comparison of "a" values: Inflight, there was a 4-5-fold increase in vasopressin and epinephrine, a slight increase in aldosterone, ANP, norepinephrine, cortisol and ACTH, and a decrease in PRA levels. Postflight, vasopressin was almost as much increased as inflight, and aldosterone and ANP levels were higher than pre- or inflight. PRA, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were moderately increased, whereas ACTH and angiotensin II were diminished. Comparison of "b" to "a" values (2 min after LBNP to 3 min intra-LBNP): Preflight, ANP, PRA, and epinephrine rose more than 100%. The inflight response was higher for aldosterone but lower for all other volume active hormones. Postflight, the increase in PRA was pronounced, whereas little change occurred in other hormones. Cortisol and ACTH fell similarly during LBNP under all conditions. In summary, the data provide evidence that not only the endocrine status but also the neuroendocrine responsiveness to stimulation; i.e., the hormone response during cardiovascular load, are altered by the stay in microgravity and readaptation to normal conditions.
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PMID:Hormonal changes with lower body negative pressure on the 6th day in microgravity in one cosmonaut. 828 31

The amounts of cortisol and testosterone in the plasma or urine of Mongolian gerbils exposed to stress factors or treated subcutaneously with insulin (2 IU), vasopressin (1 IU), ACTH (6 IU) or dexamethasone (50 micrograms) were determined. Increased plasma cortisol was observed in animals stressed by ether anesthesia or immobilisation (1-4 hours), or treated with insulin, vasopressin or ACTH. Cortisol levels were reduced after dexamethasone administration. Plasma testosterone was elevated in animals stressed by ether anesthesia or handling plus seizure; no other treatment altered testosterone levels. An augmented cortisol excretion, which lasted one day, occurred in gerbils immobilised for one as well as for four hours. A much more prolonged stimulation of cortisol excretion, lasting three days, was seen in animals receiving ACTH or dexamethasone plus ACTH. Testosterone excretion was stimulated by ACTH and dexamethasone plus ACTH; it was not influenced by any other treatment. The present study shows that analysis of circulating steroid levels is the only reliable approach to assess the secretory activity of Mongolian gerbil adrenals or testes. In some experimental conditions (e.g. after stressor application or ACTH treatment) cortisol excretion may be used as an index of adrenal secretory function. In contrast, the striking differences between cortisol values present in plasma and urine of peptide-or dexamethasone-treated gerbils indicate that urinary cortisol does not reflect short-term changes of adrenal function. Similarly, the striking differences of testosterone values in plasma and urine indicate that urinary testosterone monitoring cannot be used to determine the secretory activity of gerbil testes.
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PMID:Dissociation of plasma and urinary steroid values after application of stressors, insulin, vasopressin, ACTH, or dexamethasone in the Mongolian gerbil. 902 44

This experiment studied the effects on endocrine and birth parameters of parturient pigs produced by restricting maternal freedom of movement without otherwise altering environment. Six primiparous pigs (gilts) were each given a jugular catheter under anaesthesia 7 days before parturition and commenced birth in a strawed pen, 2.0 m x 1.5 m in size. Continuous automated blood sampling (3 ml min-1) from unrestrained gilts began following the birth of the first piglet (stage 1) and continued for 2 h. After at least 30 min of blood collection, maternal space was reduced to 2.0 m x 0.55 m by placing rails across the pen (stage 2). The scope for movement in stage 2 was similar to that offered by a farrowing crate. After at least 25 min each gilt was given the opioid antagonist naloxone (1 mg kg-1 i.v.: stage 3). At each stage, vagino-cervical stimulation (VCS) was applied to mimic foetal ejection. Non-cervically stimulated oxytocin (OT) secretion between stages 1 and 2 was unchanged (P > 0.05) but increased significantly relative to both stages 1 and 2 following naloxone treatment for 15-20 min (P < 0.05, paired t-tests on log10 data). Following VCS in all stages plasma OT rose (P < 0.05) for 1-2 min in a similar way to that seen previously following foetal ejection, the increases being proportionally similar irrespective of stage or baseline secretion. Cortisol secretion did not increase as a consequence of space restriction (mean +/- SEM concentrations were 28.6 +/- 8.51 pmol l-1 and 32.3 +/- 11.8 pmol l-1 in stages 1 and 2, respectively). In addition, VCS did not significantly affect cortisol output. Lysine vasopressin concentrations were not affected as a consequence of either stage or VCS. Parturition was not interrupted following space restriction of gilts. These data suggest that reducing maternal space allowance during parturition is not stressful when the process does not involve the movement of animals to novel surroundings.
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PMID:Restricting maternal space during parturition in the pig. Effects on oxytocin, vasopressin and cortisol secretion following vagino-cervical stimulation and administration of naloxone. 923 Dec 64

During late gestation in sheep, fetal plasma adreno-corticotrophin (ACTH) and cortisol levels increase, and these are associated with increased pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) are the primary hypophysiotrophic factors regulating ACTH secretion from the fetal sheep pituitary corticotroph, but previous reports with term fetal tissue have failed to show effects on levels of POMC mRNA. The objectives of the present study were to establish the effects of CRH and AVP on both synthesis and secretion of ACTH before term, and to determine how cortisol affects these responses. Fetal pituitaries were removed at d 138 of gestation (term approximately d 147), the anterior pituitary was separated, and the cells dispersed and placed in monolayer tissue culture. After 4 d, cells were treated for 18 h with several different concentrations (10(-6)-10(-9) M) and combinations of CRH, AVP, and cortisol. Following incubation, the medium was removed for ACTH analysis, and the cells fixed for POMC mRNA measurement and immunoreactive (ir)-ACTH localization. Separately, CRH and AVP significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated ACTH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous treatment of maximally stimulating levels of CRH and AVP augmented (p < 0.05) the output of ACTH. Cortisol did not affect basal (nonstimulated) ACTH output, but attenuated the neuropeptide-induced increases in ACTH secretion. This effect of cortisol was more pronounced in cells treated with CRH than in cells treated with AVP. POMC mRNA levels were increased by both CRH and AVP treatments in a dose-dependent manner, though there was no further increase in POMC mRNA when CRH and AVP were added together. Cortisol attenuated (p < 0.05) the neuropeptide-induced increases in POMC mRNA, though AVP-stimulated POMC mRNA levels were significantly higher than in cells treated with cortisol alone. Cortisol failed to alter non-stimulated POMC mRNA levels. We conclude that in late gestation: 1) Fetal pituitary corticotrophs respond to CRH and AVP by increasing POMC mRNA levels and ACTH secretion 2) AVP is more potent than CRH at the level of ACTH secretion, but not POMC transcription 3) Cortisol attenuates the synthetic and secretory responses to CRH and AVP, but has little effect in the non-stimulated state.
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PMID:CRH and AVP-induced changes in synthesis and release of ACTH from the ovine fetal pituitary in vitro: negative influences of cortisol. 936 86

Extrinsic factors such as hypothalamic hormones or intrapituitary growth factors may stimulate clonal expansion of a genomically altered cell and therefore play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis. Here we report on the effects of the hypophysiotrophic hormones corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) and the intrapituitary growth factor insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on the proliferation of, as measured by the bromodeoxyuridine labelling index, and ACTH secretion by normal canine pituitary cells and corticotrophic adenoma cells of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The sensitivity to inhibition by cortisol was analysed under various conditions. Under basal conditions, no significant differences were found in the bromodeoxyuridine labelling indices between control cells and tumour cells. CRH, AVP, IGF-I and cortisol had no effect on the proliferation of canine pituitary cells or canine corticotrophic adenoma cells. In contrast with normal pituitary cells, the proliferation of corticotrophic adenoma cells was stimulated by fetal calf serum (FCS). This FCS-induced proliferation was not inhibited by cortisol. The CRH-induced ACTH secretion by corticotrophic adenoma cells was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that by normal pituitary cells after 4 h incubation with CRH. Incubation with cortisol for 24 h resulted in reduced ACTH secretion under basal and AVP- or IGF-I-stimulated conditions. The relative inhibition was, however, significantly (P < 0.05) lower in ACTH-producing tumour cells than in normal pituitary cells. Cortisol did not inhibit the CRH-induced ACTH secretion in normal pituitary cells after 24 h. In conclusion, canine corticotrophic adenomas are less sensitive to stimulation by CRH and less sensitive to inhibition by glucocorticoids. These tumours have an aberrant sensitivity to a growth-promoting factor present in FCS. This factor may have an important role in the growth promotion of canine corticotrophic tumours.
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PMID:Effects of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, vasopressin and insulin-like growth factor-I on proliferation of and adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion by canine corticotrophic adenoma cells in vitro. 953 96

We investigated basal levels and lower body negative pressure (LBNP)-induced changes of volume regulating (PRA, aldosterone, AVP, ANP99-126) and other stress-sensitive hormones (catecholamines, cortisol, ACTH) in venous plasma from one cosmonaut before (-45 d), during (3, 170, 287, 430 d) and after (+4, +90 d) a record-breaking long-term (438 d) spaceflight. Blood was taken at the beginning and immediately after ending LBNP (-15/-30/-35 mm Hg for 15/15/10 min, respectively) preflight supine, inflight, and postflight supine. PRA, aldosterone, and vasopressin levels stayed within normal boundaries during the entire flight and after landing. Catecholamines exceeded reference limits (epinephrine > 140 pg x ml(-1), norepinephrine >1000 pg x ml(-1) 5 and 9 mo inflight, and 4 d postflight. ANP and cGMP were lower inflight (p<0.04) than pre- or postflight. Cortisol and ACTH were not consistently altered. LBNP-induced hormonal changes were not different (p>0.05) in microgravity and 1-G. Based on data from one cosmonaut, we conclude that long-term spaceflight up to 430 d duration appeared to lower plasma ANP and cGMP during flight and occasionally elevate catecholamine levels, without significantly altering LBNP-induced relative hormone changes as compared with those observed on the ground.
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PMID:Endocrine status and LBNP-induced hormone changes during a 438-day spaceflight: a case study. 989 13

Oxytocin (OT) stimulates corticotroph function in adult sheep, however, there is little information on OT synthesis and its potential involvement in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in the fetus. The objectives of this study were to examine developmental changes in hypothalamic OT synthesis and to investigate the actions of OT on fetal corticotroph function. Hypothalami were removed at various stages of pre- and post-natal development. OT mRNA levels were measured using in situ hybridization. For in vitro studies, fetal pituitaries were removed on days 129 and 138 of gestation. Anterior pituitary cells were dispersed and cells were treated with different concentrations and combinations of OT, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasopressin (AVP) and cortisol. OT mRNA was present in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) by day 60 of gestation, and levels significantly increased at term. OT mRNA was present in parvocellular and magnocellular fields of the PVN. In vitro, OT stimulated adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) output in a dose-dependent fashion, but had no effect on cellular pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels. There was no significant difference in corticotroph responsiveness to secretagogues between cells harvested at gestation day 129 or gestation day 138. Simultaneous exposure to CRH and OT stimulated increases in ACTH output that were significantly greater than for OT or CRH alone. However, no similar synergistic interaction existed between OT and AVP. Cortisol attenuated OT-stimulated ACTH output. In conclusion, hypothalamic OT mRNA increases at term and OT can stimulate ACTH output from fetal corticotrophs. Together, these data indicate that OT may be involved in the regulation of ACTH secretion in fetal sheep in late gestation.
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PMID:Hypothalamic oxytocin in the developing ovine fetus: interaction with pituitary-adrenocortical function. 1002 35

Virusencephalitis is characterised by clinical symptoms of a parenchymatous inflammation. In addition, early mental status changes often occur as a result of virusencephalitis, beside focal neurological deficiencies, epileptic seizures, cerebral compression, even coma. Other pathological manifestations of virusencephalitis are disturbances of the neurohumoral and the endocrine system, which are often recognised and treated too late. This case report describes symptoms, treatment, and complications of a 76 year old female in-patient, who was diagnosed with virusencephalitis. The number of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid was increased to 30 cells per microliter, liquor albumin was 1705 mg/l, liquor sugar was 53 mg/dl and liquor lactat was 1.9 mmol/l. IgM antibodies against herpes viruses were found in the cerebrospinal fluid and distinct contrasting foci were found near the mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, tractus opticus, hypophyseal stalk and right parahippocampal in the magnetic resonance imaging of the head, indicating a focal herpes simplex encephalitis. Within seven days, the following symptoms developed: akinetic parkinsonian syndrome, central diabetes insipidus with hypernatremia and polyuria (6 l/die), hypothyreosis, adrenal insufficiency with adynamia, sopor, hypotension and even hypophyseal coma. Panhypopituitarism was diagnosed after measuring the basal hormone levels (ACTH, TSH, FT3, FT4, Cortisol, Prolactin, LH, FSH, ADH) and conducting the pituitary stimulation test. The severeness of all symptoms was slightly improved after substitution with antidiuretic hormone at 0.4 microgram/die and administration of hydrocortisone at 50 mg/die. Administration of amantadine sulphate at 0.6 g/die and L-dopa at 187.5 mg/die for 14 days resulted in a complete regression of the parkinsonism. After administration of aciclovir at 2.25 g/die for 21 days a complete regression of the clinical symptoms could be reached in connection with a decrease of 90% in number and size of cerebral contrasting foci in the magnetic resonance imaging of the head. Three month after therapy, clinical examination and blood serum analysis revealed persistent panhypopituitarism. The present case report is the first description of a viral infection on of the central nervous system (CNS) in combination with parkinsonism, diabetes insipidus, persistent panhypopituitarism and hyperprolactinemia. Early treatment of viral infections of the brain can improve a patient's prognosis dramatically. Early determination and early treatment of a patient's neurohumoral parameters is therefore critical to prevent or reverse early mental status changes like attention disturbances, alterations of personality and behavior, apathy, and slowed cognition.
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PMID:[Virus encephalitis with symptomatic Parkinson syndrome, diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism]. 1059 69

The regulation of hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is controlled by three major factors: stress, circadian rhythm and negative feedback. Hypothalamic CRF binds to CRF receptor on ACTH cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of ACTH. However, vasopressin binds to V1b receptor and enhances CRF induced ACTH secretion. ACTH stimulate secretion of cortisol and DHEA-S. Cortisol inhibits secretion of CRF and ACTH with negative feedback mechanism. To evaluate the ability of the hypothalamus to secrete CRF, insulin-induced hypoglycemia and metyrapone tests are used. For evaluation of the secretion of pituitary ACTH and adrenal cortisol, a CRF test is useful. Autonomic secretion of ACTH and/or cortisol is evaluated with a dexamethasone suppression test.
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PMID:[Functional evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]. 1063 26

Cortisol secretion in adrenal Cushing's syndrome can be regulated by the aberrant adrenal expression of receptors for gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasopressin, catecholamines, LH/human CG (LH/hCG), or serotonin. Four patients with incidentally discovered bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia without clinical Cushing's syndrome were evaluated for the possible presence of aberrant adrenocortical hormone receptors. Urinary free cortisol levels were within normal limits, but plasma cortisol levels were slightly elevated at nighttime and suppressed incompletely after dexamethasone administration. Plasma ACTH was partially suppressed basally but increased after administration of ovine CRH. A 51-yr-old woman had ACTH-independent increases of plasma cortisol after 10 IU AVP im (292%), 100 microg GnRH iv (184%), or 10 mg cisapride orally (310%); cortisol also increased after administration of NaCl (3%), hCG, human LH, and metoclopramide. In a 61-yr-old man, cortisol was increased by AVP (349%), GnRH (155%), hCG (252%), and metoclopramide (191%). Another 53-yr-old male increased plasma cortisol after AVP (171%) and cisapride (142%). Cortisol secretion was also stimulated by vasopressin in a 54-yr-old female. This study demonstrates that subclinical secretion of cortisol can be regulated via the aberrant function of at least V1-vasopressin, LH/hCG, or 5-HT4 receptors in incidentally identified bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.
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PMID:Aberrant membrane hormone receptors in incidentally discovered bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with subclinical Cushing's syndrome. 1170 32


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