Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Earlier studies have shown the formation of a novel neural lobe after hypophysectomy, an experimental manipulation that causes transection of neurohypophyseal nerve fibers and removal of pituitary hormones. The mechanisms that underly this regenerative process are poorly understood. The localization and number of peptide-immunoreactive (-IR) fibers in the median eminence were studied in normal rats and in rats at different times of survival after hypophysectomy using indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry. The number of vasopressin (VP)-IR fibers increased in the external layer of the median eminence in 5 d hypophysectomized rats. Oxytocin (OXY)-IR fibers decreased in the internal layer and progressively extended into the external layer. At long survival times (9 and 16 months) both VP- and OXY-IR fibers had a bilayered distribution occupying both the external and internal layers. Double-labeling experiments combining VP and tyrosine hydroxylase antisera as well as OXY and growth hormone-releasing factor antisera showed that injured neurosecretory fibers growing into the external layer displaced fibers from parvocellular cells originally located there. As a result, there was essentially an inversion in the distribution of these fibers within the median eminence. Galanin (GAL)- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-IR fibers exhibited a similar pattern of distribution after the lesion. Thus, after 5 d there was an increase in GAL- and CCK-IR fibers in the internal layer. At 14 and 30 d, the number of GAL- and CCK-IR fibers progressively decreased, but after longer survivals (9 and 16 months) there was a dramatic reappearance. Dynorphin (DYN)-LI showed a dramatic increase at all levels of the median eminence at short survival times after hypophysectomy, followed by a subsequent decrease to a final stage of a few, strongly immunoreactive fibers in the external layer at longer survival times. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI)-IR fibers in hypophysectomized animals had already contacted portal vessels 5 d after hypophysectomy, and from then on progressively increased in numbers. Finally, most of the peptide fibers described above formed dense innervation patterns around the large blood vessels along the lateral borders of the median eminence. The present results show that hypophysectomy induces a wide variety of changes in hypothalamic neurosecretory fibers. Not only is the expression of several peptides in these fibers modified following different survival times, but a reorganization of the distribution of immunoreactive fibers within the median eminence is demonstrated. The hypothesis is raised that regeneration of injured neurosecretory fibers may be dependent on changes in the expression of peptides possessing trophic actions.
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PMID:Reorganization of neural peptidergic systems in the median eminence after hypophysectomy. 752 31

The expression of vgf gene, first isolated as a gene induced by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells, was investigated in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by in situ hybridization. In the rat forebrain, the vgf mRNA was found most densely in the SCN. Neurons which express vgf mRNA were found both in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions. Soluble-labeling of vgf in situ hybridization and peptide immunocytochemistry demonstrated that vgf mRNA was expressed in most vasopressin- and neurophysin-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsomedial part and in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral part. These findings suggest that vgf is a highly expressed gene in both vasopressin/neurophysin neurons and VIP/PHI neurons which were speculated to be involved in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythm.
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PMID:In situ hybridization histochemistry of vgf mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: co-localization with vasopressin/neurophysin and VIP/PHI. 771 6

The expression of vgf gene, first isolated as a gene induced by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells, was investigated in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by in situ hybridization. In the rat forebrain, the vgf mRNA was found most densely in the SCN. Neurons which express vgf mRNA were found both in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions. Double-labeling of vgf in situ hybridization and peptide immunocytochemistry demonstrated that vgf mRNA was expressed in most vasopressin- and neurophysin-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsomedial part and in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral part. These findings suggest that vgf is a highly expressed gene in both vasopressin/neurophysin neurons and VIP/PHI neurons which were speculated to be involved in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythm.
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PMID:In situ hybridization histochemistry of vghm1f mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: co-localization with vasopressin/neurophysin and VIP/PHI. 760 15

The relative roles of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) as mediators of the stimulant effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) on ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) secretion, were examined using receptor blockade of endogenous CRH and AVP. ACTH and CORT secretion were stimulated 6- and 7-fold, respectively, by PVN infusion of VIP (3.0 nmol) and 6- and 9-fold, respectively, by PHI (3.0 nmol). ACTH and CORT stimulation by VIP were inhibited 78 and 72%, respectively, by pretreatment with the CRF antagonist, 59 and 57%, respectively, by pretreatment with the AVP antagonist and about 78% by combined pretreatment with the CRF and AVP antagonists. PHI-induced stimulation of ACTH and CORT was inhibited 89 and 81%, 73 and 59% and 93% by pretreatment with the CRF- or AVP-antagonist or combined administration, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by VIP and PHI is mediated through the release of endogenous CRH. AVP also plays a role in this response, possibly by enhancing the activity of CRH in a synergistic manner.
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PMID:Involvement of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in VIP- and PHI-induced secretion of ACTH and corticosterone. 779 60

The effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) on regional blood flow in the eye and other tissues were investigated in albino rabbits. Direct determination of the flow from a cannulated vortex vein, in animals pretreated with a vasopressin receptor antagonist, showed that i.v. infusion of either PACAP-27 or PACAP-38 caused a dose-dependent (0.08-0.64 pmol/kg per min) decrease in the uveal vascular resistance. Regional blood flow was determined, with radioactive microspheres, during i.v. infusion of PACAP-27 or PACAP-38 (0.64 pmol/kg per min) in rabbits pretreated with hexamethonium and a vasopressin receptor antagonist. In these experiments, both PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 increased choroidal blood flow by about 50%, whereas there was no effect in the anterior uvea. Nor was there any major effect on blood flow in the anterior uvea after intracameral injection of PACAP-27 or PACAP-38 (3 pmol). The largest blood flow increases, caused by i.v. infusion of PACAP-27 or PACAP-38, were observed in the parotid gland, submandibular gland, eyelids and nictitating membrane. Local blood flow in the choroid plexus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland, stomach, kidney and adrenal gland was also significantly increased during the i.v. infusion of PACAP-27. The results of the present investigation indicate that PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 are about 100 times more potent than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine as vasodilators in the rabbit choroid and, possibly, also in many other tissues of the rabbit.
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PMID:PACAP-27 and PACAP-38: vascular effects in the eye and some other tissues in the rabbit. 791 97

We investigated the involvement of arginine vasopressin (AVP) V1- and V2-receptors in the prolactin (PRL) secretory response to histamine (HA) or restraint stress stimulation in conscious male rats by selective blockade of AVP receptors using different antagonists. Histamine (270 nmol) administered intracerebroventricularly or 5 min of restraint stress stimulated PRL secretion 10-14-fold. Pretreatment with the selective V1-receptor antagonists [1-(p-t-butyl-beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine-8-D-arginine]vasopressin or [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine-8-arginine]vassopressin inhibited the PRL response to HA and restraint stress in a dose-dependent manner with maximal inhibition of 60%. The effect of the two antagonists was identical when equipotent antivasopressor doses were administered. The selective V2-receptor antagonist [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-D-isoleucine-4-isoleucine-8-arginine]vasopressin was unable to inhibit the PRL response significantly. Combined administration of the V1-receptor antagonist [1-(p-t-butyl-beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine-8-D-arginine]vasopressin and the V2-receptor antagonist inhibited the PRL response to HA to the same extent as that observed when the V1-antagonist was administered alone. None of the antagonists used had any effect on basal PRL secretion. We conclude that AVP seems to play a role in the mediation of HA- and restraint stress-induced secretion of PRL, and that the AVP receptor involved is primarily of the V1-type or similar to this.
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PMID:Histamine- and stress-induced prolactin secretion: importance of vasopressin V1- and V2-receptors. 792 Dec 29

In contrast to most vertebrate species that possess one oxytocin-like hormone and one vasopressin-like hormone, a few groups, such as marsupials or cartilaginous fishes, are endowed with two peptides of either or both types, suggesting possible gene duplications. We have now isolated two oxytocin-like hormones from the pituitary of the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus caniculus (suborder Galeoidei). Microsequencing as well as chromatographic and pharmacological comparisons with synthetic peptides show that these peptides are [Asn4,Val8]oxytocin (asvatocin) and [Phe3,Asn4,Val8]-oxytocin (phasvatocin). Asvatocin and phasvatocin display oxytocic activity on rat uterus, about 80 and 5 milliunits per nmol, respectively, and virtually no pressor activity on anesthetized rats. They occur in roughly equal molar amounts in the gland; vasotocin is also present in a proportional amount that is lower by about a factor of 20. In addition to the duality, conservative amino acid substitutions are observed in the two oxytocic peptides in positions 4 (Gln-4-->Asn) and 8 (Leu-8-->Val), when compared with oxytocin. Furthermore, replacement of the isoleucine residue found in position 3 of all other oxytocin-like hormones by phenylalanine in phasvatocin is exceptional; it determines a dramatic decrease of the oxytocic activity. Preservation of the C-terminal-amidated nonapeptide pattern in the 12 vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones known to date suggests that both precursors and processing enzymes have coevolved tightly. On the other hand, whereas the great evolutionary stability of the mature hormones (generally observed in vertebrates) suggests a strict messenger-receptor coevolution, the exceptional diversity found in cartilaginous fishes (six oxytocin-like peptides identified out of eight known) might be due to a looseness of selective constraints, perhaps in relationship with their specific urea osmoregulation.
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PMID:Special evolution of neurohypophysial hormones in cartilaginous fishes: asvatocin and phasvatocin, two oxytocin-like peptides isolated from the spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus). 797 45

In this study the interactions of oxytocin with the transmembrane region of the oxytocin receptor were modelled in order to explain the selective binding of oxytocin and vasopressin. Three sites of interaction in the receptors were identified by sequence comparison and model building. Both receptors share one site, which is formed by glutamine residues. This site binds the Asn-5 common to both hormones. The second site is a specific hydrophobic pocket formed by isoleucine and phenylalanine residues. A third interaction is between a conserved tyrosine and the glutamine of vasopressin and oxytocin. The model suggests that one receptor residue in the transmembrane region is responsible for the specificity of the receptors. The model may be used in the rational design of non peptide analogues for the hormones.
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PMID:Modelling the peptide receptor interaction: selectivity of the oxytocin receptor. 806 Mar 40

The mammalian pineal gland contains multiple afferent peptidergic nerve fibres. Sympathetic nerve fibres, with their origin in the superior cervical ganglia, contain neuropeptide Y colocalized with norepinephrine. Other pinealopetal nerve fibres, probably originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion, contain vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine. Fibres containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide have also been demonstrated in pinealopetal nerve fibres. These fibres might originate in the trigeminal ganglion. The neurotransmitter content of the fibres of the central innervation, innervating the gland from the brain via the pineal stalk, has not been elucidated. However, strong indications for the presence of neuropeptide Y, substance P, somatostatin, and vasopressin in these fibres have been presented. Recent immunohistochemical studies have further shown the presence of subtypes of pinealocytes containing neuropeptides. Thus, pinealocytes containing beta-endorphin, leu-enkephalin, and somatostatin have been demonstrated in the gland. Immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopical level has shown, that in some species, leu-enkephalin containing pinealocytes make synaptic contacts with other pinealocytes indicating of paracrine regulation of the pineal gland. It must however be emphasized that large interspecies variations exist with regard to the peptidergic pineal innervation and its content of peptidergic cells.
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PMID:The chemical neuroanatomy of the mammalian pineal gland: neuropeptides. 874 61

Two groups of four rats each received a 15-minute light stimulus during the first part of the night (ZT14) and the second part (ZT19), respectively. After 45-60 minutes, the animals were killed by perfusion fixation. Adjacent Vibratome sections through the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were double-immunostained for the presence of peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) with Fos by using fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies. A few sections were triple-immunostained for PHI, GRP or VIP with vasopressin (VP) and Fos. Sections were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. It turned out that the ZT19 light stimulus induced 4.2 times more nuclear profiles in the SCN immunoreactive for Fos than the light stimulus given at ZT14. The SCN of control animals did not show any Fos immunoreactivity. After the ZT14 light stimulus, approximately 33% of the Fos profiles showed colocalization with a perikaryal profile immunoreactive for PHI, GRP or VIP, whereas at ZT19, this percentage had doubled to approximately 65%. After the light stimulus at ZT14, the relatively low Fos induction was numerically and proportionally most prominent in the PHI-immunoreactive perikarya. As compared with ZT14, the increase of Fos after the ZT19 light stimulus was most pronounced in the GRP-immunoreactive perikarya (21x) followed by VIP (15x) and PHI (5x). This outcome suggests that at least three different cell groups characterized by, respectively, PHI alone, GRP, and VIP fully or partly colocalized with PHI, play a prominent role during light-induced phase shifts: the PHI neurons during light-induced phase delays, the GRP and VIP/(PHI) neurons during light-induced phase advances.
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PMID:Differences in colocalization between Fos and PHI, GRP, VIP and VP in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus after a light stimulus during the phase delay versus the phase advance period of the night. 884 17


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