Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To examine the in vivo effects of agonists reported to influence bicarbonate flux (JtCO2), microperfusion experiments were carried out on distal tubules of normally fed or overnight-fasted rats. As we previously reported, distal tubules from fed rats reabsorbed no bicarbonate, whereas overnight-fasted rats consistently reabsorbed bicarbonate (JtCO2 10 +/- 3 pmol.min-1.mm-1; P < 0.01). Vasoactive intestinal peptide and isoproterenol infused intravenously (7.3 and 4.0 micrograms.kg-1.h-1, respectively) in fasted rats suppressed JtCO2 and, in the case of vasoactive intestinal peptide, elicited net bicarbonate secretion (JtCO2 -10 +/- 2 and -4 +/- 4 pmol.min-1.mm-1, respectively). In fed rats, angiotensin II infused at a rate of 1.2 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 stimulated bicarbonate reabsorption (JtCO2 16 +/- 3 pmol.min-1.mm-1), while antidiuretic hormone infused at 0.024 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 elicited a similar response (17 +/- 4 pmol.min-1.mm-1), both values being significantly different from control. These results, therefore, demonstrate for the first time that these agonists can modulate JtCO2 at the distal tubule site in vivo and therefore may be potential regulators of systemic acid-base balance.
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PMID:In vivo modulation of rat distal tubule net HCO3 flux by VIP, isoproterenol, angiotensin II, and ADH. 802 67

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mammalian brain is thought to be the anatomical locus of circadian rhythms. To examine the functional organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro with intact intercellular connections for a prolonged period, we have established an organotypic slice culture system using a roller-tube technique. Brain slices (400 microns in thickness) containing the bilateral suprachiasmatic nuclei, were obtained from newborn rats at four to seven days old and were maintained in vitro for more than three weeks. During this three-week period, the slices flattened to one to three cell layers and two tightly packed neuronal cell-masses (neuronal zones), with diameters of about 1 mm were formed, which were surrounded by a peripheral glial cell-dispersed zone. In the neuronal cell zones, peptides and their messenger RNAs were found cytochemically with characteristic patterns similar to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry showed that vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expressing and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons were detected predominantly in the ventrolateral part of the neuronal zones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus slice culture. Vasopressin messenger RNA-expressing and vasopressin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the dorsomedial neuronal zones near the ependymal cell zone. The distribution of cell bodies and fibers containing these neuropeptides and their messenger RNAs in the neuronal zones of suprachiasmatic nucleus organotypic slice culture were similar to that of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vivo. This suggests that the suprachiasmatic nucleus in these organotypic slice cultures retains the biological characteristics of these cells in vivo as the cells did develop, form compact neuronal masses and did establish connections. To examine the possibility that suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in slice cultures show a persistent rhythmic activity, we also measured the amount of vasopressin released into the culture medium. Sampling at 4-h intervals combined with enzyme immunoassay revealed that vasopressin concentration in the medium embracing suprachiasmatic nucleus slice cultures fluctuated with a period of approximately 24 h. The present findings suggest that the intranuclear neuronal networks of the suprachiasmatic nucleus are maintained in vitro for a long duration and that organotypic cultures of the suprachiasmatic nucleus produce and release bioactive substances in an oscillating manner. The suprachiasmatic nucleus in slice cultures may be useful for future analysis of circadian rhythms in vitro.
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PMID:Organotypic slice culture of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: sustenance of cellular architecture and circadian rhythm. 805 18

We describe here a simple method for combining non-radioactive and radioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on the same brain tissue section. This approach was first developed on the well-characterized hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, facilitating the optimization of the triple-labeling procedure and the verification of labeling specificity. We report the simultaneous detection of vasopressin (VP) mRNA with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide, oxytocin (OT) mRNA with a 35S-labeled oligonucleotide, and OT peptide in the same 12-microns cryostat section. This was performed on floating sections as follows: first, the two probes were hybridized simultaneously; second, the peptide was detected with an immunoperoxidase-DAB procedure; third, the digoxigenin-labeled probe was detected with an alkaline phosphatase-NBT/BCIP technique; and finally, the 35S-labeled probe was detected by histological autoradiography. We also demonstrate that this approach is suitable for the simultaneous detection of tyrosine hydroxylase and two less abundant mRNAs, vasoactive intestinal peptide and vasopressin mRNAs, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The combination of the three techniques did not significantly diminish their specificity or sensitivity. In conclusion, this new method, permitting the simultaneous detection of three different products of gene expression in the same section, could be useful for further analysis of the phenotypic organization and its plasticity in endocrine or neural tissues.
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PMID:Combination of non-radioactive and radioactive in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry: a new method allowing the simultaneous detection of two mRNAs and one antigen in the same brain tissue section. 809 8

The connection between the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) forms an important component of the melatonin rhythm-generating system. However, the chemical identity of this projection is not known. To test the possible implication of the SCN peptides vasopressin (VP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in this projection, we performed microinfusions in the PVN during the first half of the dark period and subsequently monitored resulting plasma melatonin levels. Infusions for 7 hr of either VP or VIP, but not oxytocin, caused increased plasma melatonin levels in the middle of the dark period. These observations confirm the role of the PVN in the melatonin rhythm-generating pathway and indicate that both VP and VIP released at the level of the PVN, and probably derived from the SCN, are able to influence peripheral plasma melatonin levels.
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PMID:Vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide infused in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus elevate plasma melatonin levels. 822 45

The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the golden hamster have been examined by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (Pha-L). SCN projections were further localized through a combination of restricted SCN-lesions and immunocytochemistry for three well-known peptidergic transmitters contained in SCN neurons, viz. vasopressin (VP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Thus, major terminal fields of SCN-derived VP were detected in the medial preoptic nucleus, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVA), the medial parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the medial part of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH). VIP-containing projections from the SCN were discovered in the PVA, anterior and dorsal parvicellular divisions of the PVN, subparaventricular area, and medial DMH. Efferent fibers from the SCN containing GRP were restricted to the subparaventricular area, medial DMH, and supraoptic nucleus. In addition, Pha-L tracing indicated the existence of SCN projections which could not be ascribed to one of the presently investigated peptides. Furthermore, a pronounced innervation of the contralateral SCN was observed, of which the neurotransmitter remains to be established. The results of the present study indicate that the different neuronal populations in the SCN, as characterized by their transmitter content, also show a clear diversity in their preferential target areas.
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PMID:Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). 833 Dec 17

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus is centrally involved in generation of several circadian rhythms. Neurons of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus express a number of neuropeptides including vasopressin. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mink (Mustela vison) is easily distinguished from neighbouring hypothalamic areas and the underlying optic chiasm as a small nucleus containing densely packed parvocellular neurons. A dorsal and ventral subdivision were clearly recognized within the midportion and caudal part of the nucleus. Using immunohistochemistry, we have identified vasopressin-, neurophysin-, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the mink. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons can be observed in the ventral aspect of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but to our surprise, no vasopressin immunoreactive perikarya are found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, this absence being independent of the experienced annual cycle. The hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei contain large numbers of vasopressin-, neurophysin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive magnocellular neurons with extensive projections towards the infundibulum and neurohypophysis. A comparative analysis of the distribution of vasopressin-immunoreactive elements in a number of conventional laboratory animals has demonstrated that, in contrast to the rat, golden hamster and Mongolian gerbil, neither vasopressin-containing perikarya in the suprachiasmatic nucleus nor fine calibered immunoreactive fibres entering the adjacent subparaventricular zone are present in the mink. The mink is a photodependent seasonal breeder, and thus vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei may not be essential for the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction and seasonal events experienced by this species.
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mink (Mustela vison): apparent absence of vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons. 836 67

The mammalian pineal gland contains multiple afferent peptidergic nerve fibres. Sympathetic nerve fibres, with their origin in the superior cervical ganglia, contain neuropeptide Y colocalized with norepinephrine. Other pinealopetal nerve fibres, probably originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion, contain vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine. Fibres containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide have also been demonstrated in pinealopetal nerve fibres. These fibres might originate in the trigeminal ganglion. The neurotransmitter content of the fibres of the central innervation, innervating the gland from the brain via the pineal stalk, has not been elucidated. However, strong indications for the presence of neuropeptide Y, substance P, somatostatin, and vasopressin in these fibres have been presented. Recent immunohistochemical studies have further shown the presence of subtypes of pinealocytes containing neuropeptides. Thus, pinealocytes containing beta-endorphin, leu-enkephalin, and somatostatin have been demonstrated in the gland. Immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopical level has shown, that in some species, leu-enkephalin containing pinealocytes make synaptic contacts with other pinealocytes indicating of paracrine regulation of the pineal gland. It must however be emphasized that large interspecies variations exist with regard to the peptidergic pineal innervation and its content of peptidergic cells.
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PMID:The chemical neuroanatomy of the mammalian pineal gland: neuropeptides. 874 61

Two groups of four rats each received a 15-minute light stimulus during the first part of the night (ZT14) and the second part (ZT19), respectively. After 45-60 minutes, the animals were killed by perfusion fixation. Adjacent Vibratome sections through the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were double-immunostained for the presence of peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) with Fos by using fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies. A few sections were triple-immunostained for PHI, GRP or VIP with vasopressin (VP) and Fos. Sections were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. It turned out that the ZT19 light stimulus induced 4.2 times more nuclear profiles in the SCN immunoreactive for Fos than the light stimulus given at ZT14. The SCN of control animals did not show any Fos immunoreactivity. After the ZT14 light stimulus, approximately 33% of the Fos profiles showed colocalization with a perikaryal profile immunoreactive for PHI, GRP or VIP, whereas at ZT19, this percentage had doubled to approximately 65%. After the light stimulus at ZT14, the relatively low Fos induction was numerically and proportionally most prominent in the PHI-immunoreactive perikarya. As compared with ZT14, the increase of Fos after the ZT19 light stimulus was most pronounced in the GRP-immunoreactive perikarya (21x) followed by VIP (15x) and PHI (5x). This outcome suggests that at least three different cell groups characterized by, respectively, PHI alone, GRP, and VIP fully or partly colocalized with PHI, play a prominent role during light-induced phase shifts: the PHI neurons during light-induced phase delays, the GRP and VIP/(PHI) neurons during light-induced phase advances.
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PMID:Differences in colocalization between Fos and PHI, GRP, VIP and VP in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus after a light stimulus during the phase delay versus the phase advance period of the night. 884 17

Vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide levels were measured in the punched-out suprachiasmatic nucleus tissue from rats kept under a prolonged dim light (in vivo). Vasoactive intestinal peptide content increased from 4 to 8 h, returned to the baseline level at 12 to 16 h, and then increased again until 36 h after the light was switched off (dim light). Gastrin-releasing peptide level, in contrast, showed no significant changes, but a slight decrease from 1 to 4 h was detected under the dim light. In suprachiasmatic nucleus explant-slice culture, in vitro, Arg-vasopressin release increased transiently or showed a decrease at 30 min after exposure to vasoactive intestinal peptide or gastrin-releasing peptide, respectively. Treatment with anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide and anti-gastrin-releasing peptide antibodies reversed these effects. These findings suggest reciprocal roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide in Arg-vasopressin release.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide play distinct roles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 884 15

Accumulating evidence indicates that somatostatin (SS) is a key substance for the circadian rhythm of rodents. In the present study, we investigated whether SS mRNA coexists with arginine-vasopressin (AVP) mRNA, vasoactive intestinal peptide/peptide histidine isoleucine amide (VIP/PHI) mRNA and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by double labeling in situ hybridization technique. SS mRNA-positive neurons were scattered in the whole region of rostral SCN, in the intermediate region between dorsomedial and ventrolateral region at the middle level, and in the mid to lateral region at the caudal level. These neurons were located in the close vicinities of the dorsomedial AVP and ventrolateral VIP/PHI mRNA-positive cell clusters. They rarely coexpressed AVP mRNA or VIP/PHI mRNA, but mostly coexpressed GAD mRNA. Thus, SS-synthesizing neurons are GABAergic and form a distinct cell group different from AVP or VIP/PHI cell groups.
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PMID:Somatostatin neurons form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a double labeling in situ hybridization study. 888 10


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