Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The expression of vgf gene, first isolated as a gene induced by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells, was investigated in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by in situ hybridization. In the rat forebrain, the vgf mRNA was found most densely in the SCN. Neurons which express vgf mRNA were found both in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions. Soluble-labeling of vgf in situ hybridization and peptide immunocytochemistry demonstrated that vgf mRNA was expressed in most vasopressin- and neurophysin-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsomedial part and in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral part. These findings suggest that vgf is a highly expressed gene in both vasopressin/neurophysin neurons and VIP/PHI neurons which were speculated to be involved in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythm.
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PMID:In situ hybridization histochemistry of vgf mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: co-localization with vasopressin/neurophysin and VIP/PHI. 771 6

The cardiovascular responses to intracisternally administered pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) were investigated and compared with those of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in anesthetized dogs. Intracisternal administration of 10 nmol of PACAP-27 increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) significantly with a simultaneous increase of plasma arginine vasopressin and epinephrine concentrations. Intracisternal administration of VIP increased plasma arginine vasopressin concentration significantly but caused no appreciable change in MABP. Systemic infusion of the nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist OPC-21268 did not inhibit the PACAP-27-induced increase in MABP, whereas phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoceptor blocker, reversed the increase. Intracisternal pretreatment with the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist [Pmp1, Tyr(Me)2]Arg8-vasopressin also inhibited the increase. These findings suggest that PACAP has a central pressor action by increasing sympathetic outflow, which is probably mediated by the vasopressinergic neural network. PACAP seems to play important roles in hormonal and neural control of systemic circulation.
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PMID:Central cardiovascular effects induced by intracisternal PACAP in dogs. 763 41

The distribution of mRNAs for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine-vasopressin (VP) was studied in the hypothalamus of the sheep by in situ hybridization. VIP mRNA was detected in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and in the median part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). VP mRNA was observed in the magnocellular system of the hypothalamus and in the dorso-lateral part of the SCN. These results confirm that the SCN is a site of synthesis of both peptides. Therefore, VIP and VP may be involved in diverse physiological functions including the functioning of the biological clock constituted by the SCN.
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PMID:Distribution of arginine-vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the sheep. 765 89

The effect of peptide and nonpeptide substance P antagonists on prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) secretion was evaluated in three-dimensional rat anterior pituitary cell aggregates. [D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]Substance P inhibited basal growth hormone (GH) release at a concentration range of 1-10 microM. At higher concentrations (50 microM), the analogue inhibited basal prolactin (PRL) release but provoked a tenfold stimulation of GH release. However, these latter two effects could neither be mimicked nor antagonized by the tachykinins substance P (10 microM), neurokinin A (10 microM), and neurokinin B (3.3 microM). The effects could also not be explained by agonism or antagonism at the level of other receptors (e.g., vasopressin, bombesin, angiotensin II, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, dopamine, adrenaline, acetylcholine). Remarkably the nonpeptide substance P antagonists R 30732 (10 microM), R 32602 (10 microM), and CP-96,345 (10 microM) showed a similar inhibition of PRL release and a stimulation of GH release. At a one hundredfold lower concentration, sufficient to block substance P receptors in other tissues. CP-96,345 did not affect PRL or GH release. It is concluded that substance P antagonists, when used at high concentrations, have profound intrinsic activities on PRL and GH release that are not mediated by substance P receptors. The failure of the more potent substance P antagonist, CP-96,345, to influence basal PRL or GH release when used at lower concentrations suggests that endogenous substance P in the anterior pituitary does not play a tonic paracrine role on GH or PRL secretion.
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PMID:Unexpected effects of peptide and nonpeptide substance P receptor antagonists on basal prolactin and growth hormone release in vitro. 768 Jan 28

Using a biotin-streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immunohistochemical technique the distribution of substance P-immunoreactive neuronal elements was investigated in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres and varicosities were distributed throughout the suprachiasmatic nucleus, with the largest accumulation in its ventral part. Because this location overlaps with the innervation of retinal afferents, the distribution and density of substance P-immunoreactive fibres in bilaterally enucleated rats were compared to normal rats. The density of substance P-immunoreactive fibres and nerve terminals in the ventral part of the suprachiasmatic nuclei was reduced in the rats with bilateral destruction of the optic nerves, whereas the density of fibres and nerve terminals in the dorsal part as well as other retinal target areas in the thalamus and mesencephalon was unaffected. In rats pretreated with an intraventricular injection of colchicine several substance P-immunoreactive perikarya were identified in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The immunoreactive neurons, measuring 9.7 microns +/- 1.1 microns in diameter, were frequently observed in the central core of the nucleus and to a lesser extent in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subparts. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry pre-protachykinin-A mRNA was found in the same part of the SCN indicating that synthesis of substance P takes place in SCN neurons. Using a double immunohistochemical approach applying diaminobenzidine and benzidinedihydrochloride as chromagens substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and vasopressin/neurophysin-immunoreactivities were identified in the same brain section. The substance P-immunoreactive perikarya constituted a separate population of SCN neurons, which were not vasopressin-, neurophysin- or VIP-immunoreactive. Taken together, these observations show that substance P is contained in the retinohypothalamic pathway and within a group of SCN cell bodies, indicating that substance P may play a role in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythmicity.
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PMID:Substance P in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. 769 27

The expression of vgf gene, first isolated as a gene induced by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells, was investigated in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by in situ hybridization. In the rat forebrain, the vgf mRNA was found most densely in the SCN. Neurons which express vgf mRNA were found both in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions. Double-labeling of vgf in situ hybridization and peptide immunocytochemistry demonstrated that vgf mRNA was expressed in most vasopressin- and neurophysin-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsomedial part and in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral part. These findings suggest that vgf is a highly expressed gene in both vasopressin/neurophysin neurons and VIP/PHI neurons which were speculated to be involved in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythm.
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PMID:In situ hybridization histochemistry of vghm1f mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: co-localization with vasopressin/neurophysin and VIP/PHI. 760 15

Catecholaminergic fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult rats were investigated by use of light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives a modest density of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing axons, homogeneously distributed in the nucleus and forming varicosities throughout its entire rostro-caudal extension. Immunolabeling with antibodies against dopamine showed that this catecholamine input comprises a dopaminergic component. Many tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells were localized at the immediate periphery of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. With electron-microscopic examination, dendrites of these neurons were found within the limits of the nucleus as well as at a border zone between the suprachiasmatic nucleus proper and the optic tract where they received unlabeled synapses, providing a morphological support for a possible role of dopaminergic neurons in the integration and/or transfer of light-related signals. More than 91% of catecholaminergic axonal varicosities were found to establish morphologically defined synapses with dendrites. To investigate whether these synapses might be shared with neurons of one or both of the two main peptidergic populations of the nucleus, namely vasoactive intestinal peptide- and vasopressin-containing neurons, we carried out double-labelling experiments combining immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver labeling. Results showed only a few cases of direct association of the catecholaminergic terminals with these peptidergic categories. In both types of dually stained sections, catecholaminergic synapses were preferentially made with unlabeled dendrites. The homogeneous distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus could therefore reflect a lack of significant catecholaminergic innervation of both vasoactive intestinal peptide- and vasopressin-synthesizing neurons.
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PMID:Catecholaminergic innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the adult rat: ultrastructural relationships with neurons containing vasoactive intestinal peptide or vasopressin. 775 Jan 39

The relative roles of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) as mediators of the stimulant effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) on ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) secretion, were examined using receptor blockade of endogenous CRH and AVP. ACTH and CORT secretion were stimulated 6- and 7-fold, respectively, by PVN infusion of VIP (3.0 nmol) and 6- and 9-fold, respectively, by PHI (3.0 nmol). ACTH and CORT stimulation by VIP were inhibited 78 and 72%, respectively, by pretreatment with the CRF antagonist, 59 and 57%, respectively, by pretreatment with the AVP antagonist and about 78% by combined pretreatment with the CRF and AVP antagonists. PHI-induced stimulation of ACTH and CORT was inhibited 89 and 81%, 73 and 59% and 93% by pretreatment with the CRF- or AVP-antagonist or combined administration, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by VIP and PHI is mediated through the release of endogenous CRH. AVP also plays a role in this response, possibly by enhancing the activity of CRH in a synergistic manner.
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PMID:Involvement of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in VIP- and PHI-induced secretion of ACTH and corticosterone. 779 60

The mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the endogenous pacemaker generating the diurnal rhythm of the stress hormones ACTH and glucocorticoid secretion. In the present study, we have employed male rats entrained to a 12:12 h (light:dark) photoperiod to investigate the effects of chronic and acute administration of exogenous glucocorticoids upon the diurnal expression of vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mRNA in the SCN by semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry. Chronic administration of exogenous glucocorticoids significantly enhanced vasopressin mRNA expression only at zeitgeber time (ZT) 5, while the otherwise rhythmic expression of vasopressin mRNA was unaffected at ZT11, ZT17 and ZT23. In contrast, the same treatment abolished the rhythmic expression of VIP mRNA resulting in constantly elevated mRNA levels. In adrenalectomized rats given an overnight supplement of dexamethasone in their drinking water, the expression of both vasopressin and VIP mRNA in the SCN was elevated the following morning at ZT6 when compared to adrenalectomised rats kept on 0.9% saline. These results suggest that glucocorticoids influence the expression of vasopressin during a narrow window of time in the diurnal cycle coinciding with the time where entrainment of the circadian pacemaker with non-photic cues is possible. Constantly elevated levels of glucocorticoids may also interfere with the suprachiasmatic expression of VIP mRNA which is thought to be driven by photic cues.
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PMID:The diurnal expression of genes encoding vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide within the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus is influenced by circulating glucocorticoids. 789 22

Because of the enormous growth over the last three decades of research on the role of peptides in the brain, the need became apparent to determine the status of these compounds in terms of their current research interest. Since 1965, over a quarter of a million research papers have been published on peptides that have since been classified as neuroactive. The present study was undertaken to analyze systematically the yearly trends of research emphasis in neuroactive peptides as reflected by their individual frequency of publication by year, beginning in 1966. A computer analysis of the publication characteristics was carried out using the Medline data base in which the citation search was limited to the topic brain crossed with the topic mammal. One criterion for the inclusion of a given peptide in the analysis was a frequency of 25 or more citations following its discovery, as related to the mammalian brain. The 42 peptides that met this criterion were: adrenocorticotropic hormone, angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic factor, bombesin, bradykinin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, carnosine, beta-casomorphin, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, delta sleep-inducing peptide, dynorphin, beta-endorphin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin, galanin, gastrin, glucagon, growth hormone, growth hormone-releasing factor, insulin, kyotorphin, beta-lipotropin, luteinizing hormone-releasing factor, melanocyte-stimulating hormone release inhibitory factor-1, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, motilin, neurokinin A, neurokinin B, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, oxytocin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, peptide HI, prolactin, secretin, somatostatin, substance P, thyroid-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. An overall analysis of the 298,105 papers published on these 42 peptides since 1965 revealed that the research activity of 24,742, or 8.30%, of the studies, focused on their neuroactive properties. Taken as a whole, the research on neuroactive peptides reached a peak in 1986, as reflected by the total of 1793 papers published during that year. Although the level of publication has fluctuated between 1548 and 1774 research papers over the last 6 years, it is now clear that the trend in research on neuroactive peptides has reached an asymptote today that shows no sign of deviation. A temporal analysis year by year of individual publication profiles revealed three distinct trends: 1) peptides showed a slow development in research interest and did not exceed more than 15-30 publications per year; 2) peptides exhibited a steady increase in research activity over the years that continues today; and 3) peptides displayed an initial, often intense, research emphasis that inexplicably declined, in some cases precipitously, in the mid 1980s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuroactive peptides: unique phases in research on mammalian brain over three decades. 800 41


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