Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) was investigated in the canine hypothalamus by immunocytochemistry. VIP- and PHI-like immunoreactive neurons were detected in the magnocellular supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. These magnocellular VIP- and PHI-producing neurons coexist with vasopressin-like immunoreactivity and send axons to the median eminence and neurohypophysis. These findings may serve as an anatomical basis for studying the function of VIP and PHI on pituitary hormone secretion.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide- and peptide histidine isoleucine amide-like immunoreactivity colocalize with vasopressin-like immunoreactivity in the canine hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neuronal system. 353 28

The influence of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) innervation on peptide-containing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was investigated by peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry. The 5-HT neuronal system was chemically severed by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) injection into the medial forebrain bundle bilaterally. After this treatment, a marked decrease of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in neuronal perikarya occurred in the SCN corresponding to a decrease in number of 5-HT immunoreactive fibers and terminals. However, no alteration of arginine-vasopressin-like immunoreactivity was detected between 5,6-DHT-treated animals and the controls. It is speculated that VIP-like immunoreactive neurons play an important role in the SCN under the influence of strong 5-HT innervation.
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PMID:The influence of serotonergic inputs on peptide neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: an immunocytochemical study. 390 2

In Huntington's disease, there is a decrease of the neuropeptides, substance P, enkephalins, and cholecystokinin in the striatonigral system, whereas in Parkinson's disease an increase of substance P is found in the substantia nigra. Several neuropeptides should be involved in Alzheimer's disease: substance P, endorphins, vasopressin, ACTH, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, delta sleep-inducing peptide. Alterations of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, and endorphins may be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Delta sleep-inducing peptide may interfere in addiction pathology.
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PMID:Putative peptide neurotransmitters in human neuropathology: a review of topography and clinical implications. 618 57

Primary cultures of neonatal murine brain have been reported to express multiple receptors that regulate adenylate cyclase activity. Since for the most part these results were obtained with mixed cell cultures, it has been difficult to define receptor profiles for specific cell types. With this concern in mind a series of studies has been initiated designed to identify specific receptors present on highly purified, immunocytochemically defined astroglia derived from the cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. In this study the capacity of a variety of peptide hormones to regulate cyclic AMP metabolism in these cells was examined. Fibroblasts derived from the meninges represent a predictable source of contamination in primary CNS culture. Thus, to assign more clearly specific receptors to the astroglial cell population, receptor-mediated regulation of cyclic AMP accumulation was also examined in fibroblasts. Cyclic AMP accumulation in astroglia was stimulated by catecholamines (acting at beta 1-adrenergic receptors), prostaglandin E1, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropin. Bombesin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, neurotensin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, secretin, and vasopressin did not significantly increase cyclic AMP levels in these cultures. Catecholamines, acting at alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, and somatostatin inhibited agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. In meningeal cell cultures catecholamines (acting at beta 2- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors) and prostaglandin E1 regulated cyclic AMP levels. However, vasoactive intestinal peptide did not stimulate and somatostatin did not inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation in these cells.
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PMID:Regulation of cyclic AMP accumulation by peptide hormone receptors in immunocytochemically defined astroglial cells. 620 41

Cultured endothelial cells derived from cerebral microvessels separated from 2-day-old rat brain contain a specific beta 2 and alpha 2-adrenergic sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC). Among the various tested hormones, PGE1 and PGE2 were found to be the most potent activators, while adenosine, angiotensin I and II, gamma-aminobutyric acid and vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibited the enzyme activity. However, acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, glycine, glutamine, bradykinin, neurotensin and vasopressin (Lysine and Arginine) had no effect on the adenylate cyclase activity in this model. The susceptibility of the cerebrovascular endothelial AC system to the vasoactive substances as well as presence of beta 2 and alpha 2-type adrenergic receptors in the cultured endothelium provides additional support for the proposed endothelial involvement in the regulation of cerebrovascular permeability and blood flow.
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PMID:Cerebral endothelial cell culture. I. The presence of beta 2 and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors linked to adenylate cyclase activity. 627 96

Neuropeptides can affect cardiovascular function in various ways. They can serve as cotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system; for example, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is released with acetylcholine and neuropeptide Y with norepinephrine from postganglionic neurons. Substance P and, presumably, other peptides can can affect cardiovascular function when released near blood vessels by antidromically conducted impulses in branches of stimulated sensory neurons. In the central nervous system, many different neuropeptides appear to function as transmitters or contransmittes in the neural pathways that regulate the cardiovascular system. In addition neuropeptides such as vasopressin and angiotensin II also circulate as hormones that are involved in cardiovascular control. Large doses of exogenous vasopressin are required to increase blood pressure in normal animals because the increase in total peripheral resistance produced by the hormones is accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output. However, studies with synthetic peptides that selectively antagonize the vasopressor action of vasopressin indicate that circulating vasopressin is important in maintaining blood pressure when animals are hypovolemic due to dehydration, haemorrhage or adrenocortical insufficiency. VIP dilates blood vessels and stimulates renin secretion by a direct action on the juxtaglomerular cells. Renin secretion is stimulated when the concentration of VIP in plasma exceeds 75 pmol/litre, and higher values are seen in a number of conditions. Neostigmine, a drug which increases the secretion of endogenous VIP, also increases renin secretion, and this increase is not blocked by renal denervation or propranolol. Thus, VIP may be a physiologically significant renin stimulating hormone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuropeptides in cardiovascular control. 640 Mar 63

An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the peptidergic innervation of the thyroid gland in homozygous Brattleboro rats (DI) and normal Long-Evans rats (LE). The primary goal of this study was to determine whether the previously demonstrated decrease in thyroid responsiveness to TSH in DI might be due to an abnormality in the innervation of the thyroid. Thyroids from both types of rats were found to contain nerve fibers containing immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and peptide HI (PHI). All four types of fibers were found in close association with both follicle cells and blood vessels. Well developed networks of fibers surrounding blood vessels were particularly apparent in the case of NPY. The density of fibers associated with follicle cells in DI was at least as great as that in LE in regard to SP, NPY, and PHI. Fibers containing VIP were found in greater abundance in DI than in LE. Additional studies revealed no evidence of thyroid fibers containing either somatostatin or neurophysin, which was used as a marker for vasopressin. We conclude that the reduced responsiveness of the thyroid in DI is not due to an inadequate supply of any of the neuropeptides included in this study. Since VIP is known to enhance thyroid secretion, we suggest that the apparent proliferation of VIP-containing fibers in DI may be a reflection of a neural mechanism attempting to compensate for a thyroid gland deficiency analogous to the humoral mechanism by which TSH secretion increases in response to thyroid deficiency.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical studies of the peptidergic innervation of the thyroid gland in the Brattleboro rat. 654 94

The effects of the peptide hormones glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and vasopressin on the microcirculation of single jejunal villi were studied in anesthetized rats. By means of a recently developed in vivo video-microscopy technique, the red blood cell velocity (pretreatment value: 2.1 +/- 0.1 mm X s-1) and the diameter of the red blood cell column (5.5 +/- 0.2 micron) were measured in the villous arcade vessels. From these parameters, an index of blood flow was calculated in order to determine changes in response to intravenous infusions of the peptides. During the infusions of glucagon and vasopressin, simultaneous measurements were made of superior mesenteric artery blood flow and villous arcade flow. Glucagon (1 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) increased villous arcade flow markedly to 150.1 +/- 13.7% of control, while superior mesenteric artery flow remained unchanged. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) produced a dilation of the arcade vessel with a commensurate reduction of red cell velocity, leaving the flow index unaltered. Vasopressin (14.3 mU X kg-1 X min-1) was found to be a potent vasoconstrictor at the mucosal level, and since red cell velocity also decreased, villous flow was reduced substantially, paralleling a reduction of superior mesenteric artery flow. After the vasopressin infusion, a reactive hyperemia occurred in the villous arcades. No such increase in blood flow was observed in the superior mesenteric artery. From these findings, we conclude that the villous microvasculature is influenced by various hormones and, therefore, must occupy a prominent position in control of the circulation of the small intestine.
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PMID:Effects of glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and vasopressin on villous microcirculation and superior mesenteric artery blood flow of the rat. 661 98

In hamsters, changes in ambient photoperiod lead to alterations in the circadian rhythm of pineal melatonin secretion and subsequent changes in reproductive function. The present study examined whether photoperiod also alters 24-h rhythms in neuropeptide mRNA levels in the SCN of Siberian hamsters. In situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography were used to assess messenger RNA levels for vasopressin (AVP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the SCN of hamsters sacrificed at six times of day following exposure to long (16 h light/day) or short (10 h light/day) photoperiod for 2 weeks. Both AVP mRNA and VIP mRNA in the SCN were significantly affected by time of day and photoperiodic exposure. The 24-h profiles of AVP mRNA and VIP mRNA showed different relationships to the light: dark cycle, suggesting that these profiles are differentially regulated. In general, short photoperiod tended to suppress AVP mRNA and VIP mRNA in the SCN; this effect on AVP mRNA was significant at two times of day. These results complement and extend previous findings of 24-h h profiles in neuropeptide mRNA expression in the rat SCN by showing that these 24-h profiles are also characteristic of the Siberian hamster SCN and that they can be modulated by photoperiod.
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PMID:Photoperiodic exposure and time of day modulate the expression of arginine vasopressin mRNA and vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Siberian hamsters. 750 Aug 29

The viral transneuronal labeling method was used in combination with immunohistochemical procedures to identify CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons that innervate the sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) which project to the stellate ganglion--the principal source of the sympathetic supply to the heart. Transneuronal labeling was found at three CNS levels: spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamus. In the thoracic spinal cord, apart from the pseudorabies virus (PRV)-labeled stellate SPNs, PRV-labeled neurons were localized in laminae I/II, IV, V, VII, and X as well as in the lateral spinal nucleus and lateral funiculus. In the C1-C4 spinal segments, labeled neurons were found in the lateral funiculus as well as laminae V and VII of the spinal gray matter. PRV-labeled cells were identified in lamina V and the dorsolateral funiculus of the lumbar spinal cord. Three medullary areas were consistently labeled: rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and caudal raphe nuclei. The greatest concentration of labeling was found in the RVMM. This projection arose from adrenergic, serotonergic (5-HT), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactive neurons. The RVLM projection originated mainly from C1 adrenergic neurons, some of which contained immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY). C3 adrenergic-NPY neurons lying near the floor of the 4th ventricle were also labeled. Enkephalin-, somatostatin- and VIP-immunoreactive RVLM neurons also contributed to this projection. 5-HT neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, and raphe magnus) were labeled; some of these contained substance P or TRH-immunoreactivity with an occasional neuron staining for all three putative neurotransmitters. In the pons, catecholamine neurons in the A5 cell group, subcoeruleus and Kolliker-Fuse nuclei were labeled. The midbrain contained relatively few infected cells, but some were present in the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei. Forebrain labeling was concentrated in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) with lesser amounts in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the perifornical region. In the PVN, oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons accounted for the greatest chemically-defined projection while corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), vasopressin-, and angiotensin II-immunoreactive neurons provided successively lesser inputs. In the LHA, angiotensin II-immunoreactive neurons were labeled. In summary, this study provides the first detailed map of the chemically-coded CNS neurons involved in the control of the cardiosympathetic outflow.
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PMID:Transneuronal labeling of CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons after pseudorabies virus injections into the stellate ganglion. 755 33


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