Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been combined with hybrid somatic cell technology to extend the bovine physical map. Eight bovine loci--glycoprotein hormone alpha (CGA), coagulation factor X (F10), chromogranin A (CHGA), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), human prochymosin pseudogene (CYM), oxytocin (OXT), arginine-vasopressin (ARVP), and cytochrome oxidase c subunit IV pseudogene (COXP)--were assigned to bovine syntenic groups with this approach. CGA was assigned to bovine syntenic group U2, F10 to U27, CHGA to U4 [bovine Chromosome (Chr) 21], LDLR to U22, CYM to U6, OXT and ARVP to U11, and COXP to U3 (bovine Chr 5). Seven of these genes, CGA, F10, CHGA, LDLR, OXT, ARVP, and CYM, further delineate regions of chromosomal conservation on human Chrs 6, 13, 14, 19, 20, 20, and 1, respectively. CHGA, OXT, and ARVP are unmapped in the mouse. Comparative mapping predicts the mouse CHGA will map to Chr 12, and mouse OXT and ARVP will map to mouse Chr 2. Furthermore, human CYM is predicted to be sublocalized to 1p32-q21. The primers developed for these eight loci will be useful for the development of hybrid somatic cell panels in the future as well as establishing a collection of bovine expressed sequence tags.
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PMID:Assignment of eight loci to bovine syntenic groups by use of PCR: extension of a comparative gene map. 161 14

Central neural activity was assessed by measuring relative cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN; thermogenesis regulation), the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN; feeding regulation), and the magnocellular PVN (secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin) in 10 age-matched pairs of 39- to 42-day-old Zucker rats. When obese (fa/fa) were compared to lean (Fa/Fa) rats, relative CO activity was significantly lower (approximately 10 percent) in the VMN and parvocellular PVN, but not in the magnocellular PVN. Cell diameters did not differ. To determine if there were corresponding differences in levels or release of hypothalamic monoamines, we compared 7 pairs of 90- to 94-day-old lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats at rest and after 2 h of 9 degrees C. Tissue punches from frozen PVN, VMN, and preoptic area (the latter being a site of thermosensitive units modulating VMN output) were assayed. In obese vs. lean noncold-exposed rats, we observed lower concentrations of: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA; metabolite of serotonin, 5HT) in the VMN; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG; metabolite of norepinephrine, NE) and NE + MHPG (index of total NE) in the preoptic area; and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; metabolite of dopamine, DA) in the PVN. Additionally, in the VMN, cold exposure resulted in: elevated concentrations of MHPG and MHPG + NE in both lean and obese rats; elevated concentrations of 5HT, 5HIAA, and 5HT + 5HIAA in obese rats, with no significant changes in these variables in lean animals; decreased ratio of 5HIAA/5HT in obese rats and increased ratio in leans. In the preoptic region, cold exposure led to increased concentrations of MHPG, NE + MHPG, 5HT, and 5HT + 5HIAA in obese but not lean rats. In the PVN, 5HT concentrations were increased in cold-exposed obese but not lean rats. Our data support the hypothesis that neuronal activity in obese rats differs from that of lean rats at rest and during cold exposure and suggest that several monoamine systems play a role in such differences.
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PMID:Neuronal activity in hypothalamic nuclei of obese and lean Zucker rats. 217 50

An important issue in space biology and medicine is understanding the effect of gravitational changes on the mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis. The results of this study show that following 7 d exposure to a 2 G or 3 G hyperdynamic field, rats exhibited a linear increase in the cytochrome oxidase staining of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The elevated oxidative metabolism in the PVN suggests that there was an increase in the manufacturing and release of vasopressin into the plasma in response to a perceived hypovolemic condition caused by increased hydrostatic pressure and redistribution of fluid to the periphery. Since vasopressin also has widespread cardiovascular effects, it will be important to understand the relationship between vasopressin and altered gravitational fields.
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PMID:The effect of hyperdynamic fields on the oxidative metabolism of the paraventricular nucleus. 240 Mar 76

The metabolic activity in the brains of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and Wistar (W) rats was assessed before and after fasting using cytochrome oxidase (COX) histochemistry. Before fasting, metabolic activity in the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus in SHR was greater than in control rats. Fasting elicited a decrease in arterial pressure (AP) in SHR and WKY; in SHR the decrease in AP was accompanied by a decrease of metabolic activity in the PVH and SON. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that the PVH and SON are involved in the hypertension and in the increased levels of sympathetic nervous activity and vasopressin production known to occur in SHR. In addition, the PVH and possibly the SON may be involved in the suppression of sympathetic nervous system activity and the lowering of arterial pressure which are associated with fasting.
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PMID:Cytochrome oxidase activity in the hypothalamus of SHR and normotensive rats before and after fasting. 609 37

Metabolic activity in the hypothalamus of homozygous and heterozygous Brattleboro rats and Long-Evans control rats was studied using cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Increased metabolic activity was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH), supraoptic nucleus (SON) and nucleus circularis (NC) of homozygous Brattleboro rats, and in the PVH of heterozygous rats. These results suggest that the metabolic activity of PVH and SON neurons is altered because of the inability of magnocellular neurosecretory neurons to produce vasopressin. In addition, the hyperactivity of neurons in the NC is probably related to the chronic dehydration present in these animals.
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PMID:Metabolic alterations in the hypothalamus of the Brattleboro rat demonstrated with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. 631 42

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to amplify bovine specific sequences of the arginine-vasopressin (ARVP), glycoprotein hormone alpha (CGA), cytochrome oxidase c subunit IV pseudogene (COXP), prochymosin (CYM), coagulation factor X (F10), inhibin beta A (INHBA), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and oxytocin (OXT) genes in hybrid cells were used in a search for single strand conformation polymorphisms. DNA from 75 animals comprising crossbred and 7 purebred breeds were analysed. ARVP, COXP, CYM, LDLR and OXT were found to be polymorphic while CGA, F10 and INHBA were not. Polymorphic regions were identified within 206 bp of exon 1 of ARVP, 582 bp of the pseudogene COXP, 253 bp of exon 9 of CYM, 519 bp of LDLR cDNA and 160 bp of the upstream regulatory region of OXT. This is the first report of bovine polymorphisms for these genes and an important step in our goal to incorporate type I comparative anchor loci into the bovine linkage map. Polymorphic loci were subsequently analysed in pedigreed full-sib families and shown to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion.
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PMID:Single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) detected in five bovine genes. 768 2

Little is known regarding the effect of chronic changes in neuronal activity on the extent of collateral sprouting by identified CNS neurons. We have investigated the relationship between activity and sprouting in oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS). Uninjured MNS neurons undergo a robust collateral-sprouting response that restores the axon population of the neural lobe (NL) after a lesion of the contralateral MNS (). Simultaneously, lesioned rats develop chronic urinary hyperosmolality indicative of heightened neurosecretory activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sprouting MNS neurons are hyperactive by measuring changes in cell and nuclear diameters, OT and VP mRNA pools, and axonal cytochrome oxidase activity (COX). Each of these measures was significantly elevated during the period of most rapid axonal growth between 1 and 4 weeks after the lesion, confirming that both OT and VP neurons are hyperactive while undergoing collateral sprouting. In a second study the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of neuronal activity would interfere with the sprouting response was tested. Chronic hyponatremia (CH) was induced 3 d before the hypothalamic lesion and sustained for 4 weeks to suppress neurosecretory activity. CH abolished the lesion-induced increases in OT and VP mRNA pools and virtually eliminated measurable COX activity in MNS terminals. Counts of the total number of axon profiles in the NL revealed that CH also prevented axonal sprouting from occurring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased neuronal activity is required for denervation-induced collateral sprouting to occur in the MNS.
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PMID:Central peptidergic neurons are hyperactive during collateral sprouting and inhibition of activity suppresses sprouting. 1002 46

Magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system play a fundamental role in the maintenance of body homeostasis by secreting vasopressin and oxytocin in response to systemic osmotic perturbations. During chronic hyperosmolality, vasopressin and oxytocin mRNA levels increase twofold, whereas, during chronic hyposmolality, these mRNA levels decrease to 10-20% of that of normoosmolar control animals. To determine what other genes respond to these osmotic perturbations, we have analyzed gene expression during chronic hyper- versus hyponatremia. Thirty-seven cDNA clones were isolated by differentially screening cDNA libraries that were generated from supraoptic nucleus tissue punches from hyper- or hyponatremic rats. Further analysis of 12 of these cDNAs by in situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed that they are osmotically regulated. These cDNAs represent a variety of functional classes and include cytochrome oxidase, tubulin, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, spectrin, PEP-19, calmodulin, GTPase, DnaJ-like, clathrin-associated, synaptic glycoprotein, regulator of GTPase stimulation, and gene for oligodendrocyte lineage-myelin basic proteins. This analysis therefore suggests that adaptation to chronic osmotic stress results in global changes in gene expression in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus.
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PMID:Gene expression in the rat supraoptic nucleus induced by chronic hyperosmolality versus hyposmolality. 1100 89

In the magnocellular nuclei of the hypothalamus, there is a rich vascular network for which the function remains to be established. In the supraoptic nucleus, the high vascular density may be one element, which together with the water channel aquaporin-4 expressed in the astrocytes, is related to a role in osmoreception. We tested the osmoreception hypothesis by studying the correlation between vascular and cellular densities in the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. Whether aquaporin-4 is likely to contribute to osmoreception was tested by studying the distribution in the magnocellular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The high vascular density may also reflect a high metabolic activity due to the synthesis of vasopressin and oxytocin. This metabolic hypothesis was tested by studying the regional cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, the local cerebral blood flow, and the density of glucose transporter type-1 in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. All the magnocellular nuclei were characterized by an extended and intense aquaporin-4 labelling and a weak cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. The highest vascular density was found in the supraoptic nucleus and the magnocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus. The local cerebral blood flow rates were surprisingly low in the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus in comparison to the cerebral cortex. Furthermore in these nuclei, the antibody for glucose transporter type-1 revealed two populations of vessels differing by their labelling intensity. The similarities observed between the different nuclei suggest that, in the hypothalamus, all magnocellular regions sense the plasma osmolarity. The low local cerebral blood flow, and the patterns of glucose transporter type-1 labelling and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry suggest that the high vascularization of these hypothalamic nuclei is not related to a high metabolic capacity in basal conditions.
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PMID:Hypervascularization in the magnocellular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus: relationship with the distribution of aquaporin-4 and markers of energy metabolism. 1101 36

A reliable and less-invasive method is currently desired to assess the hemodynamic and functional alteration associated with brain death in the organs of donor candidates. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) was applied to rat liver in brain-dead donors for assessing tissue oxygenation and intracellular energy metabolism as a means of monitoring the liver viability in the brain-dead donor. Brain-dead rats were divided into 4 according to doses of epinephrine and vasopressin administered. Arterial ketone bodies ratio (AKBR), hyaluronic acid (HA), and NIRs monitoring of a liver graft were performed in the brain-dead phase before the grafts were transplanted into syngeneic rats. NIRs monitoring of oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and cytochrome aa3 oxidase (Cytaa3) redox state reflected changes in the hepatic microcirculation and intracellular oxygenation. The administration of high-dose epinephrine proved to be contraindicated due to catecholamine-induced hypoxic stress, while combined administration of adrenaline and vasopressin at an optimal dose rate was beneficial for preservation of the liver viability. The data obtained by NIRs were significantly correlated with the 7-day survival of recipients after liver transplantation. Thus, we conclude that NIRs is a sensitive and nondestructive method for monitoring alterations in the viability of brain-dead liver and can predict liver graft outcome.
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PMID:Nondestructive and real-time evaluation of liver viability in brain dead donor for liver transplantation using near-infrared spectroscopy. 1111 11


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