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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), injected into the rat caudal medulla oblongata, was detected by immunoperoxidase staining in 120 microns frozen sections, allowing examination of both the distribution and morphology of transporting neurons. In the hypothalamus, several groups of HRP-labeled neurons could be distinguished on the basis of location of the neurons, neural cell size and morphology of the neural processes. Most HRP-labeled neurons were found in the posterior half of the hypothalamus, although scattered single neurons were present as far rostral as the anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area. Prominent groups of HRP-labeled neurons were found in the paraventricular, dorsomedial and arcuate nuclei, near the fornix at two separate levels, and in the lateral posterior hypothalamus. Based on comparison with peptide immunohistochemistry it seems likely that many magnocellular oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, and a few ACTH/beta-endorphin neurons in the arcuate nucleus may project to the caudal medulla oblongata.
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PMID:Hypothalamic neurons projecting to the rat caudal medulla oblongata, examined by immunoperoxidase staining of retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase. 630

The magnocellular neurones of the supraoptic nucleus which synthesize and secrete vasopressin and oxytocin have been commonly regarded as simple "output" neurones in that they receive an input, generate an action potential and in turn release hormone from their terminals in the posterior pituitary. Three lines of evidence are presented which suggest that rat supraoptic nucleus neurons also have axon collaterals which terminate in the hypothalamus close to the nucleus. Small injections of horseradish peroxidase were made directly into the nucleus in hypothalamic slices, allowing visualization of the axons of supraoptic neurones. Collaterals of these axons could be observed in regions both dorsal and dorsolateral to the supraoptic nucleus. In a separate series of experiments, sections of perfusion-fixed hypothalamus were stained for vasopressin and oxytocin using specific antisera. Peptide-containing collaterals of both types were observed near the supraoptic nucleus, in a region similar to that seen after horseradish peroxidase injections. Finally, electrophysiological studies were carried out on hypothalamic slices containing the supraoptic nucleus. A small concentric bipolar stimulating electrode was placed directly into the nucleus and activity of lateral hypothalamic neurones within 0.1-1 mm of the nucleus was recorded. Of 68 neurones studied, 52 were excited by supraoptic stimulation via a synaptic pathway that could be blocked by Ca2+ -free solutions containing 18 mM Mg2+. These studies suggest that supraoptic neurones communicate via axon collaterals with other neurones in the lateral hypothalamus, in addition to their previously well characterised functional role in neurosecretion.
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PMID:Axon collaterals of supraoptic neurones: anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for their existence in the lateral hypothalamus. 632 27

Comparative ultrastructural localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and oxytocin was performed in the rat median eminence of Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique used on serial ultrathin sections revealed CRF and oxytocin neurosecretory granule colocalization in the same fibers of the internal layer running towards the posterior pituitary. It is probable that both these peptides coexist in the same granules. In the Brattleboro rats, while genetically lacking vasopressin, CRF was nevertheless shown to be present. In these rats, as was demonstrated in the Long Evans rats, CRF distribution paralleled that of oxytocin only in the internal zone of the median eminence.
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PMID:Comparative immunoelectron microscopic localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-41) and oxytocin in the rat median eminence. 633 45

The distribution of vasopressin-, oxytocin- and LHRH-containing nerve fibers in the pineal organ of the dog was demonstrated by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. These neuropeptide-containing fibers penetrated through the pineal stalk from the brain, mainly from the posterior commissural region, into the pineal organ. The vasopressin fibers were the most prominent in number, oxytocin fibers and LHRH fibers were the least. Most of these fibers were found in the proximal part of the pineal organ, but some of them were also observed in the distal part. These peptidergic fibers were distributed not only in the perivascular spaces but among the parenchymal cells.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the peptidergic nerve fibers in the pineal organ of the dog. 635 38

The distribution of serotonin- and vasopressin immunoreactivities in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of four mammalian species was studied with the use of the modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method and antisera to serotonin and vasopressin. In the SCN of the rat, hamster and cat, we noted a large number of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers particularly in the ventral area, where these fibers containing small varicosities (less than 1 micron in diameter) formed a dense plexus. In the monkey (Macaca fuscata), however, only few serotonin-containing fibers were evident throughout the SCN. Vasopressin-immunoreactive somata and fibers were distributed in large numbers in the SCN of the rat, hamster, cat and monkey, especially in the dorsal nuclear area. Regional and species-related differences of serotonin- and vasopressin distribution in the SCN were elucidated; possible functional differences between the ventral and dorsal areas of the SCN are discussed.
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PMID:Identification of serotonin- and vasopressin immunoreactivities in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of four mammalian species. 635 76

The presence of neurophysin, oxytocin and vasopressin in the bovine corpus luteum was examined immunocytochemically. Tissue blocks of corpora lutea from pregnant and non-pregnant animals were fixed with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde fixative and immunostained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. The simultaneous presence of immunoreactive oxytocin and immunoreactive oxytocin-neurophysin was demonstrated in large luteal cells of non-pregnant animals, while no staining for vasopressin or vasopressin-neurophysin was observed. None of the peptides were detected in the corpus luteum of pregnant animals. The small luteal cells were not found to be stainable at any time.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of oxytocin and neurophysin in the large cells of the bovine corpus luteum. 638 23

Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the PVN, retrogradely filled cells were found in regions of the limbic system known to contain glucocorticoid concentrating neurons [4, 31, 44]. To determine if these regions which include the lateral septum, medial amygdala and ventral subiculum have a monosynaptic input to vasopressin neurons we developed a double label ultrastructural technique [20] to simultaneously visualize immunoreactive neuropeptide and anterogradely transported HRP. Following injections of tracer into all three of these regions, HRP labeled fibers were seen at the light microscopic level to form a halo in the perinuclear, cell poor zone around the PVN. Ultrastructural examination of this area resulted in the discovery of a small number of limbic system synapses on vasopressin dendrites. These synapses were most numerous in the ventral and medial portion of the cell poor zone. A similar pattern of innervation was seen for the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nucleic which also contain vasopressin cells whose dendrites extend beyond the nuclear boundaries. In a similar fashion we were interested in determining the distribution of noradrenergic terminals on vasopressin neurons in the various subnuclei of the PVN. We have combined immunocytochemistry for vasopressin with radioautography for 3H-norepinephrine (NE) at the ultrastructural level. NE terminals were numerous in the periventricular zone, innervating both vasopressin containing dendrite and non-immunoreactive dendrites and cell bodies. The vasopressin dendrites could originate from cells either resident in the periventricular zone or from cells situated in more lateral subnuclei. In the main, lateral magnocellular region, noradrenergic terminals were very few in number and innervated almost exclusively non-vasopressin containing structures. These studies demonstrate the need for ultrastructural analysis of synaptic input to neurosecretory cells.
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PMID:Synaptic input to vasopressin neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). 638 47

The axonal projections of cell groups containing the most dense collections of steroid hormone concentrating cells have been demonstrated with retrograde neuroanatomical tracing methods. Horseradish peroxidase revealed large numbers of neurons in ventrolateral ventromedial nucleus (VL-VM) which project to dorsal midbrain. Wheat germ agglutinin (immunocytochemical recognition method) revealed large numbers of neurons in medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and particular subdivisions of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that project to dorsal caudal medulla or spinal cord. Fluorescent dyes revealed that many preoptic area (POA), anterior hypothalamic (AHA), and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) neurons project to ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA). Also many neurons in POA and BNST project to amygdala. A method which enabled simultaneous demonstration of the steroid binding capacity and axonal projections of neurons in the same tissue section revealed that 26-36% estradiol (E2) concentrating cells in VL-VM project to dorsal midbrain. E2 concentrating neurons in POA and BNST project to amygdala and E2 concentrating POA neurons project to VTA. These neurons, which send their axons to cell groups located in different brain regions, are probably under the genomic-regulatory influence of E2. Using a method which allows simultaneous demonstration of peptide content and steroid hormone concentrating capacity of cells, many oxytocin-neurophysin and vasopressin-neurophysin containing magnocellular neurons in the caudal PVN were found to concentrate E2. About 4% of the beta-endorphin and about 6% of the dynorphin containing neurons in the MBH concentrate E2. In contrast, virtually none (less than 0.2%) of the LHRH containing hypothalamic neurons concentrate E2.
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PMID:Axonal projections and peptide content of steroid hormone concentrating neurons. 638 52

The oxytocin and vasopressin nerve fibers in the intra- and extrahypothalamic neuronal systems of several mammalian brains are immunohistochemically demonstrated using a modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The axonal processes of these peptidergic neurons are classified into thick and thin beaded fibers. Thick beaded fibers were preferentially distributed in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract and in some circumventricular organs, with termination on the blood vessels. Thin beaded fibers were found in various extrahypothalamic areas and these terminals were in the vicinity of the neuronal somata of such areas. This report suggests that there are at least two different functions concerning neurotransmission in the oxytocin and vasopressin neuronal system.
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PMID:Two types of oxytocin and vasopressin nerve fibers in the intra- and extrahypothalamic neuronal systems as revealed by immunohistochemistry. 641 Jun 70

A correlative radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunocytochemical (ICC) study was carried out on vasopressin (VP) distribution and content in brains of normal and 3-day water-deprived rats. By RIA there were statistically significant differences in brain VP per pg/mg between normal and osmotically stressed specimens in hypothalamus (338.4 versus 134.4), thalamus (4.8 versus 0.9), septum (18.0 versus 3.4), striatum (1.6 versus 0.7) and amygdala (17.3 versus 1.3), but not in other brain regions measured. Pituitary VP decreased from 71.1 to 8.7 ng/mg, and plasma VP rose from 3.6 to 19.3 pg/ml during water deprivation. Application of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase ICC method of Sternberger to vibratome sections showed that VP-immunoreactivity in dehydrated specimens decreased in perikarya of paraventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus, while intrahypothalamic immunoreactive magnocellular fibers appeared more conspicuous due to proliferation of large Herring bodies. In extrahypothalamic sites VP-immunoreactivity in water-deprived rats was visibly reduced in periventricular thalamus and septum. Thus it is apparent that both intra- and extrahypothalamic VP are affected by osmotic stress, and these results are discussed within the context of current ideas relating to co-activation of neurosecretory cells that project to different sites.
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PMID:Changes in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic vasopressin content of water-deprived rats. 661 68


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