Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) innervation on peptide-containing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was investigated by peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry. The 5-HT neuronal system was chemically severed by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) injection into the medial forebrain bundle bilaterally. After this treatment, a marked decrease of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in neuronal perikarya occurred in the SCN corresponding to a decrease in number of 5-HT immunoreactive fibers and terminals. However, no alteration of arginine-vasopressin-like immunoreactivity was detected between 5,6-DHT-treated animals and the controls. It is speculated that VIP-like immunoreactive neurons play an important role in the SCN under the influence of strong 5-HT innervation.
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PMID:The influence of serotonergic inputs on peptide neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: an immunocytochemical study. 390 2

The induction of the hydroosmotic response in the toad urinary bladder is considered to be associated with membrane addition mediated by exocytosis at the affected luminal membrane and reversed by endocytic retrieval at that surface. The permeability, exocytosis and endocytosis are initiated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) receptor interaction on the basolateral membrane. In other hormone responsive systems, phorbol ester (phorbol myristate acetate, PMA), a tumor promoter, has been implicated in the regulation of various transport processes through the activation of protein kinase C and cytoskeletal protein phosphorylation. We found that addition of 10(-6) M PMA to the mucosa induces an hydroosmotic response which is gradual and which reaches a maximum within 60 min, equal to about 1/3 the maximal ADH response. Morphologically, PMA causes rapid exocytosis of the granules, endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase from the mucosal medium into tubules and multivesicular bodies and elongation of apical microvilli. Controls treated with mucosal 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or an inactive PMA isomer on the mucosal surface, or PMA on the serosal surface lack the hydroosmotic, exocytic, endocytic and cytoskeletal changes. Addition of serosal ADH to PMA-treated bladders results in a precocious hydroosmotic and exocytic ADH response, but a lowering of the maximal response. Also pretreatment of bladders with PMA prevented the ADH-induced increase in transepithelial potential difference. Thus, apical events mediating the PMA hydroosmotic response are correlated with exo- and endocytosis and elongation of apical microvilli.
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PMID:Phorbol myristate acetate induces endocytosis as well as exocytosis and hydroosmosis in toad urinary bladder. 393 62

Three substances of different molecular size were injected into the ventricular space (III) of the neurohypophysis of anesthetized hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, to learn whether such substances could diffuse across the connective tissue barrier between the neuro- and adenohypophysis. The substances tested were trypan blue, a vital dye that is a fine particulate colloid; horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme protein whose distribution in tissue can be revealed through its chromogenic action on a substrate; and ferric ion, whose distribution can be revealed through the Prussian blue reaction. All three substances were transferred across the neurohypophyseal wall to the extracerebral area within a few minutes, the trypan blue and HRP apparently through action by tanycytes. The trypan blue, within a 15-min period, moved no further. The HRP protein diffused through connective tissue as far as the dorsal (2 min) and ventral (5 min) borders of the adenohypophysis, but did not enter the secretory cells themselves. The ferric ion reached the adenohypophysis quickly (2 min) and entered the secretory cells in higher concentration than it was in the surrounding connective tissue. These data indicate that the hagfish ventral neurohypophysis is functionally capable of supplying neurosecretory regulatory factors to the adenohypophysis. It is thus a "diffusional median eminence." We can propose that the cyclostome median eminence, lacking a portal relation to the adenohypophysis, represents the phylogenetically primitive brain--pituitary relationship.
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PMID:Median eminence equivalence of the neurohypophysis of the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri. 395 89

The presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin in the testis of adult Wistar and Brattleboro rats has been examined immunocytochemically. After fixation in modified Bouin's solution, or Bouin's sublimate fixative, immunostaining was accomplished with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The presence of immunoreactive oxytocin was demonstrated in 80% of the interstitial cell population of both rat strains while no staining was observed for vasopressin or neurophysin.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of oxytocin in rat testis. 399 64

The isolated urinary bladder of the toad responds to neurohypophyseal hormone with a net increase of water transport from the mucosal to the serosal solution in the presence of an osmotic gradient. This response is mediated intracellularly by cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The present study demonstrates that hydroosmotically active substances such as oxytocin, dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-AMP, and theophylline, but not hydroosmotically inactive substances, induce the uptake of horseradish peroxidase from the mucosal solution. Peroxidase taken up by the mucosal cells is demonstrable in small tubules and vesicles, and eventually accumulates in lysosomes. The uptake of peroxidase from the serosal solution into similar bodies in the mucosal cells is not hormone-dependent. It is also shown that peroxidase does not penetrate the tight junction from either the mucosal or serosal solution. These results extend previous findings which implicated the apical membrane of the mucosal epithelium as the site affected by neurohypophyseal hormones. A mechanism based on secretory phenomena is proposed as a framework for future investigations of apical membrane permeability changes and pinocytosis.
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PMID:Correlation between pinocytosis and hydroosmosis induced by neurohypophyseal hormones and mediated by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. 432 55

It has been shown that somatostatin inhibits the antidiuretic action of vasopressin in toad urinary bladder in vitro and in dogs and rats in vivo. The presence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the urinary bladder and kidney of the toad has suggested the possibility that somatostatin may act as a local paracrine hormone modulating the effect of vasopressin in the toad; however, the inability to localize SLI in mammalian kidney has raised doubt about the physiological role of somatostatin in the mammalian renal function. We identified SLI in rat kidney. Chromatography of rat kidney extracts of Sephadex G50 superfine revealed a single peak of SLI that co-eluted with somatostatin-14. Using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase conjugate technique, we localized SLI exclusively to small cells in the glomerulus with an estimated number of four to eight cells per glomerulus. Functional significance of somatostatin in the mammalian kidney is to be determined.
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PMID:Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the glomerulus of rat kidney. 614 50

The distribution of immunoreactive leu-enkephalin neurons and fibers in the monkey hypothalamus, including ultrastructural localization in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), was examined with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. Immunoreactive leu-enkephalin cell bodies and fibers were present in the PVN, the region of the dorsal nucleus and nucleus of the anterior commissure, the dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus. Within the PVN labeled cells were found mostly in the medial parvocellular region, and a smaller proportion including some large cells was present in the lateral, and dorsolateral zones. Immunoreactive neurons contained numerous large granular vesicles (LGV) which ranged from 63 to 235 nm in size, suggesting that at least some enkephalin-containing neurons belong to the population of neurosecretory cells. Positive neurons were postsynaptic to four types of unlabeled axon terminals. Leu-enkephalin-containing fibers (some of which were myelinated) and boutons contained small clear vesicles and numerous LGV. Axon terminals made synaptic contacts with the cell bodies, primary and distal dendrites of unlabeled neurons. The findings show that enkephalin-containing neurons in the PVN integrate a variety of neuronal inputs and provide morphological evidence for the inhibiting influence of enkephalins on the firing rate of PVN neurons. It may be speculated that the effects of opioids on the release of vasopressin and other substances possibly originating from PVN neurons may be regulated in part within the nucleus by locally synapsing axons belonging to enkephalin-containing neurons.
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PMID:Immunoreactive leu-enkephalin in the monkey hypothalamus including observations on its ultrastructural localization in the paraventricular nucleus. 614 2

The efferents of enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus of the guinea-pig were studied using different neuroanatomical methods and indirect immunocytochemical technique. Following unilateral implantation of the fluorescent dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole in the lateral septal nucleus, retrogradely-labeled perikarya were found in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus. These labeled perikarya reacted with antiserum against enkephalin, demonstrating that enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus project to the lateral septal nucleus. In other experiments, complete bilateral lesions were produced in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus by electrocoagulation. Enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were totally depleted in the lateral septal nucleus. This confirms that septal enkephalin-immunoreactive terminals originate in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus and further suggests that this nucleus is the source of all the enkephalin-immunoreactive material found in the septum. Experiments utilizing two different fluorescent dyes, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide, injected in each side of the lateral septal nucleus, respectively, demonstrated that the magnocellular dorsal nucleus gives off axon collaterals to both sides of the septum, since double-labeling of individual cell bodies was detected in the nucleus. By relating this finding to the results obtained after unilateral destruction of the nucleus, which caused an incomplete loss of enkephalin- immunoreactive material in the lateral septal nucleus ipsilaterally, it is suggested that the enkephalinergic hypothalamo-septal pathway contains unbranching neurons projecting ipsilaterally and branching neurons distributing fibers ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Lesion experiments, and experiments based on the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase after intravenous injections, demonstrated that the magnocellular dorsal nucleus contributes neither to the tubero-infundibular nor to the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tracts. The lateral septal nucleus receives numerous aminergic and peptidergic projections, indicating the potential importance of this region in physiological and behavioral events. In the guinea-pig, the well-demarcated enkephalinergic pathway demonstrated in this study provides a convenient model for the experimental study of the enkephalinergic innervation of the lateral septal nucleus.
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PMID:Study of the efferent connections of the enkephalinergic magnocellular dorsal nucleus in the guinea-pig hypothalamus using lesions, retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry: evidence for a projection to the lateral septum. 620 78

The luminal (apical) border of the epithelium of the bladder in the well-hydrated toad is relatively impermeable, so the bladder usually stores hyposmotic urine. When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases apical membrane osmotic permeability dramatically, water is resorbed from hyposmotic mucosal solution; in the presence of hyposmotic or isosmotic mucosal solutions, ADH concomitantly induces exocytosis at the apical border of granule-rich (G) cells. Then ADH induces endocytosis at this border. We describe how an osmotic gradient affects ADH-induced endocytosis and hydroosmosis in vitro. We can assess ADH-induced endocytosis in gradient and no-gradient bladders by applying a double-marker technique that distinguishes among endocytosis, completed internalization of previously surface-attached membrane, and surface invagination by comparing the number of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake bodies (endocytosis) with the number of ruthenium red (RR)-delineated bodies (surface invaginations). With this approach we find that gradient bladders have approximately six times more ADH-induced endocytosis than no-gradient bladders during 45-60 min of ADH stimulation. Furthermore, at 60 min approximately 50% of the HRP-containing structures in no-gradient bladders remain surface connected compared with approximately 1% in gradient bladders. In parallel physiological studies, no-gradient bladders reach and maintain higher induced osmotic permeabilities than gradient bladders. These findings support the hypothesis that endocytosis plays an active role in reestablishing impermeable apical surface characteristics in toad bladder.
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PMID:Effect of an osmotic gradient on antidiuretic hormone-induced endocytosis and hydroosmosis in the toad urinary bladder. 620 99

The axonal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and synaptic-like (micro)vesicles within axon terminals of the neurohypophysis and their contribution to the secretory process in hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurons have been investigated cytochemically in normal mice and in mice given 2% salt water to drink for stimulation of hormone synthesis in and release from these neurons. Cytochemical techniques included the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical method for localization of neurophysin, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) as a tracer for the anterograde axonal transport of membrane from within the perikaryon, and blood-borne native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a tracer for internalized axon terminal membrane. The primary antiserum employed was directed against neurophysins I and II, the carrier proteins for the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively. PAP reaction product was observed over neurosecretory granules but never over the endoplasmic reticulum, microvesicles or other organelles in axons and terminals of the neurohypophysis. WGA-HRP was delivered extracellularly to cell bodies of paraventricular neurons by cerebral ventriculocisternal perfusion. Internalized perikaryal surface membrane tagged with WGA-HRP was recycled through the innermost Golgi saccule (GERL) from which neurosecretory granules were formed. The anterograde axonal transport of membrane-bound WGA-HRP was manifested within the neurosecretory granules; WGA-HRP did not label the axonal reticulum or terminal microvesicles in the neurohypophysis. Blood-borne native HRP endocytosed into neurohypophysial terminals was associated with a plethora of microvesicles measuring 40-70 nm in diameter and vacuoles similar in size to the 100-300-nm-wide neurosecretory granules. The microvesicles contributed to the formation of numerous vacuoles. The internalization of axon terminal membrane as microvesicles incorporating HRP was quantitatively greater than vacuoles in both salt-stressed and control mice. The results suggest that in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the mouse the axonal ER and terminal microvesicles are not involved in the transport, storage, and exocytosis of neurosecretory material and perhaps other molecules processed through the innermost Golgi saccule. Nevertheless, a prominent population of the microvesicles within axon terminals of the neurohypophysis does participate in the secretory process. These vesicles are involved directly in the internalization of the terminal surface membrane subsequent to release of secretory granule content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Further studies of the secretory process in hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurons: an analysis using immunocytochemistry, wheat germ agglutinin-peroxidase, and native peroxidase. 620 13


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