Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The roles of oxytocin and vasopressin on prolactin secretion were studied. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats ovariectomized for two weeks and treated with a long-acting estrogen, polyestradiol phosphate for one week were used. Hormone administration and serial blood sampling were accomplished through indwelling intra-atrial catheters which were implanted two days before the experiment. Both oxytocin (20 micrograms/rat) and vasopressin (5 micrograms/rat) stimulated prolactin secretion within 10 min after injection and the effects were diminished by 30 min. In animals pretreated with a small dose of dopamine antagonist, sulpiride (1 microgram/rat), the effect of TRH on prolactin secretion was repeatedly shown to be potentiated. Same pretreatments with two different time intervals (30 and 60 min) between sulpiride and oxytocin/vasopressin administration, however, had no effect on oxytocin- or vasopressin-stimulated prolactin secretion. A vasopressin analog, 1-deamino-[D-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP), with antidiuretic but no vasopressor activity was also used in the study. It was found that unlike vasopressin, dDAVP had no effect on prolactin secretion. In conclusion, both oxytocin and vasopressin can have a stimulatory effect on prolactin secretion when given in vivo. Unlike TRH, however, the action of oxytocin or vasopressin was not augmented by pretreatments of dopamine antagonist. The action of vasopressin on prolactin secretion may be a side effect of its vasopressor activity.
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PMID:Dopamine antagonism does not potentiate the effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on prolactin secretion. 226 68

Pantethine, a cysteamine precursor, depletes somatostatin in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus and prolactin in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. This study investigated the effect of pantethine on oxytocin and arginine vasopressin content in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus. Male Long-Evans rats were injected intraperitoneally with escalating doses of pantethine (i.e., 146.7 mg, 293.4 mg and 586.6 mg/100 gm body weight). Hormone content was determined by radioimmunoassay. Three hours after pantethine treatment, the oxytocin content in the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus was markedly reduced with all doses of the drug. Vasopressin content in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus was decreased but to a lesser extent than oxytocin and only with the highest dose of pantethine. Pantethine may act to reduce oxytocin and vasopressin content through intracellular conversion to cysteamine. The exact mechanism of action of pantethine on oxytocin and vasopressin remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Changes in oxytocin and vasopressin content in posterior pituitary and hypothalamus following pantethine treatment. 240 77

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

Human thymic epithelial cells (TEC) were grown in culture and confirmed to be keratin positive (98-100%) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) responsive. Bovine pituitary extracts (BPE) stimulated the proliferation of TEC. The proliferation of TEC was confirmed by cell counts and radioautography. The BPE was active as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation in the absence of serum and in the absence of EGF. Individual anterior pituitary hormones (growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH) and posterior pituitary hormones (vasopressin and oxytocin) were inactive alone to stimulate TEC proliferation. The effect of EGF but not BPE was blocked by an antibody to EGF suggesting that the active component of BPE is not EGF. Purification of the factor is in progress. The observations suggest that this pituitary-derived factor(s) may regulate thymic function in vivo.
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PMID:A pituitary factor induces thymic epithelial cell proliferation in vitro. 247 91

We report the effects of intravenous infusion of the atrial natriuretic peptide analogue, met-ANP-26 (2 micrograms/min for 2 to 4 hours), in four patients with cardiomyopathy and severe congestive cardiac failure who had not received any previous cardiac therapy. The average cardiac index before infusion was 1.8 L/min/m2. Severe sodium and water retention was confirmed by high levels of total body water and extracellular liquid, whereas renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were reduced. Plasma concentration of ANP, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone were significantly increased before infusion. The infusion had no significant hemodynamic effect. After 2 hours urine volume had increased significantly from 51 to 76 ml/hr, urinary concentration of sodium from 72 to 90 mmol/L, and sodium excretion from 4.5 to 8.2 mmol/hr. The infusion was accompanied by a significant increase in plasma ir-ANP from 193 to 980 pg/ml. There were no significant effects on the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, vasopressin, cortisol, growth hormone, or prolactin and no significant change in plasma renin activity. After 2 hours of infusion one patient had a severe sinus tachycardia and another had a sinus bradycardia. Both arrhythmias disappeared without harmful effects soon after the infusion was stopped.
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PMID:Hemodynamic, hormonal, and renal effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in untreated congestive cardiac failure. 252 77

This double-blind, placebo-controlled human study was performed to determine the endocrine responses to intravenously administered indomethacin at two dose rates (0.36 or 0.72 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.071 or 0.143 mg/kg/hr for 150 min.). A 5% hypertonic saline infusion was used for further assess the hormonal systems regulating body fluid and electrolyte balance. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and concentrations of aldosterone and vasopressin (AVP) were unaffected by indomethacin. Hypertonic saline caused a 5% increase in plasma sodium and a 4.2% increase in serum osmolality, with a concomitant two-fold rise in plasma AVP levels and significant declines in PRA and aldosterone. Indomethacin had no effects on these responses, and did not affect plasma catecholamine concentrations, but the hypertonic saline infusion doubled the noradrenaline levels in plasma. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-like immunoreactivity in plasma was not affected by indomethacin nor by hypertonic saline. The higher dose rate of indomethacin resulted in significant stimulation of growth hormone release, but plasma prolactin levels were not influenced. Thus acute intravenous administration of indomethacin proved to be devoid of significant effects on the multihormonal system regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
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PMID:Hormonal, haemodynamic, and subjective effects of intravenously infused indomethacin: no change in the physiological response to hypertonic saline challenge. 253 May 7

In order to investigate the production and secretion of hypothalamic factors by the prolactin and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived, peptide-producing, transplantable rat pituitary tumor 7315a, we determined the concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)- and vasopressin (AVP)-like immunoreactivities (IR) in the tumor extracts [14.0 +/- 1.6 (SE) and 4.2 +/- 0.9 pmol/g, respectively] and incubation media (0.26 +/- 0.01 and 0.07 +/- 0.01 pmol/10(7) cells/h, respectively). Total peptide content correlated well with tumor weight. Moreover, there is a very good correlation between the CRF and AVP IR, but not as good between CRF or AVP IR and POMC peptide IR tumor contents. Tumor extracts were chromatographed on Sephadex G-75 and compared with chromatograms of stalk median eminence (SME) extracts from normal Buffalo rats. CRF IR in tumor chromatograms gave an unusual pattern of peaks. About 31% of the total CRF IR was eluted in the high molecular weight region. The major portion of CRF IR was located in a wide region of lower molecular weight. The AVP radioimmunoassay revealed a similar pattern of peaks in tumor and SME chromatograms. A propressophysin-like peak and a smaller peak coeluting with synthetic AVP were detected. Immunohistochemical staining of consecutive sections of the tumor indicated that AVP and CRF are often found in the same cell, but the CRF and AVP-producing cells are clearly distinct from the POMC peptide-producing cells.
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PMID:Corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin production in the rat pituitary tumor 7315a: biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. 254 Sep 7

Effects on turnover of vasopressin (AVP) in the hypothalamus and on secretion of pituitary hormones, catecholamines and insulin after intraperitoneal injection of recombinant interleukin-1 (beta) (IL-1) were investigated in male wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of IL-1 in a dose (1 microgram) that maximally activated pituitary-adrenal activity failed to alter plasma concentrations of prolactin, luteinizing hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Rats chronically cannulated in the right jugular veins showed a time-related increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations in response to intraperitoneal administration of IL-1 that lasted up to 4 h. In the same rats, plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were only slightly elevated (2-fold increase) at 30 min and at 1 h after IL-1 administration. Unlike in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice, where IL-1 induces hypoglycemia, IL-1 did not affect plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in Wistar rats. In the zona externa of the median eminence, IL-1 stimulated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) turnover at an approximate rate of 15%/h, but did not cause a concomitant change in AVP turnover as can be observed after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Since half of the hypothalamic CRF neurons have been shown to costore AVP, the data favor the view of a selective effect of IL-1 on a subtype of CRF neurons. We conclude that pituitary-adrenal activation in response to Il-1 is caused by CRF secretion from a subtype of CRF neurons (not storing AVP) in the rat hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuroendocrine, sympathetic and metabolic responses induced by interleukin-1. 255 26

The effects of intravenous injections of naloxone (2 mg/kg), morphine (0.3 mg/kg) and saline vehicle on plasma concentrations of cortisol, prolactin, vasopressin and oxytocin were assessed in sheep (N = 10) when in their social groups (basal conditions) and during a period of isolation (psychological stress). Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture before and during the 60-min period following drug administration. Plasma hormone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Under basal conditions, cortisol levels were increased after naloxone (36-48%), but not after morphine or saline, and concentrations of prolactin, vasopressin and oxytocin did not change. Under stress conditions, (1) cortisol concentrations were elevated throughout the 60-min sampling period after naloxone or saline but for only 20 min after morphine; maximum increases observed were 161% (naloxone), 150% (saline) and 112% (morphine); (2) prolactin levels were raised after saline (85-129%) and morphine (55-61%) but were unchanged after naloxone; (3) vasopressin concentrations decreased transiently (43%) after saline but not following naloxone or morphine; and (4) oxytocin levels did not change after any treatment. These results indicate that endogenous and exogenous opioids modulate cortisol release in nonstressed sheep, and cortisol and prolactin secretion in sheep subjected to psychological stress. The nature of the anterior pituitary responses induced, together with the absence of a discernible effect on posterior pituitary function, suggest that the central opioid systems involved are similar in sheep and primates but different from those in the rat.
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PMID:Opioid influences on pituitary function in sheep under basal conditions and during psychological stress. 256 Feb 23


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