Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effects of water deprivation on the expression of c-fos protein (Fos) in the brain of inbred polydipsic mice, STR/N strain, that show extreme polydipsia without a lack of vasopressin in the body. Non-polydipsic mice, ICR strain, were used as controls. All male animals were deprived of water for 24 and 48 h. Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the brain was studied by immunohistochemical techniques. In both groups of mice water deprivation induced a remarkable increase in Fos-LI in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organ (SFO). A far more increase, however, was seen in the MnPO, the SFO and the area postrema (AP) of the polydipsic mice compared to those of the non-polydipsic control mice. In the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and in the anteroventral part of the PVN (avPVN), water deprivation caused a clear increase in Fos-LI in the polydipsic mice, while in the non-polydipsic mice the same treatment induced no Fos-LI in the NTS and no change in the avPVN. These results indicate that neurons in the circumventricular organs and the NTS are strongly activated by water deprivation in the polydipsic mice, suggesting that these brain structures play an important role in the polydipsia.
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PMID:Water deprivation induces regional expression of c-fos protein in the brain of inbred polydipsic mice. 755 46

Simultaneous microdialysis in the brain and blood was used to monitor the release of vasopressin and oxytocin within the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei and into the systemic circulation of urethane-anaesthetized male rats before and after central administration of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Following intracerebroventricular infusion of the cytokine (200 ng/5 microliters), the content of vasopressin (up to 278% compared to vehicle-treated control, P < 0.01 compared to vehicle-treated control and preinfusion baseline) but not oxytocin (up to 148%, not significant) in 30-min blood microdialysates was found to be increased. This peripheral release was accompanied by a transient rise in vasopressin (up to 163%, P < 0.05) and oxytocin (up to 182%, P < 0.05) release within the SON, the peak typically occurring during the first and second 30-min collection intervals after IL-1 beta respectively. In contrast, in the simultaneously microdialysed PVN, both vasopressin and oxytocin failed to respond to intracerebroventricular IL-1 beta. In another series of experiments, IL-1 beta was directly infused (20 ng/0.5 microliters) into either the SON or PVN during microdialysis of the corresponding nucleus. The cytokine caused a significant and immediate rise in intra-SON release of both vasopressin (up to 225%, P < 0.01) and oxytocin (up to 178%, P < 0.05). Again, in the PVN, nonapeptide release, although tending to be stimulated in response to intranuclear IL-1 beta, failed to reach statistical significance. The cytokine-induced central and peripheral release pattern appeared to be independent of the rise in body temperature observed after IL-1 beta administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Interleukin-1 beta stimulates both central and peripheral release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat. 762 Jun 10

The hypothalamus has been claimed to be involved in a great number of physiological functions in development, such as sexual differentiation (gender, sexual orientation) and birth, as well as in various developmental disorders including mental retardation, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Kallman's syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. In this review a number of hypothalamic nuclei have therefore been discussed with respect to their development in health and disease. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the clock of the brain and shows circadian and seasonal fluctuations in vasopressin-expressing cell numbers. The SCN also seems to be involved in reproduction, adding interest to the sex differences in shape of the vasopressin-containing SCN subnucleus and in its VIP cell number. In addition, differences in relation to sexual orientation can be seen in this perspective. The vasopressin and VIP neurons of the SCN develop mainly postnatally, but as premature children may have circadian temperature rhythms, a different SCN cell type is probably more mature at birth. The sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN, intermediate nucleus, INAH-1) is twice as large in young male adults as in young females. At the moment of birth only 20% of the SDN cell number is present. From birth until two to four years of age cell numbers increase equally rapidly in both sexes. After this age cell numbers start to decrease in girls, creating the sex difference. The size of the SDN does not show any relationship to sexual orientation in men. The large neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the neurohypophysis, where they release vasopressin and oxytocin into the blood circulation. In the fetus these hormones play an active role in the birth process. Fetal oxytocin may initiate or accelerate the course of labor. Fetal vasopressin plays a role in the adaptation to stress--caused by the birth process--by redistribution of the fetal blood flow. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the PVN play a central role in stress response. Thus fetal CRH neurons may play a role in the timing of the moment of birth. Recently, alterations have been described in peptidergic, aminergic and cholinergic transmitters in the hypothalamus in SIDS. Future research will have to establish whether these changes are part of the course of SIDS. A large proportion of the SON and PVN neurons also produce tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In neonates the majority of TH-immunoreactive neurons colocalizes vasopressin, while in the adult the majority of TH-positive neurons colocalizes oxytocin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Development of the human hypothalamus. 764 57

This investigation deals with the histochemical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) correlates that depict regeneration of the neurohypophyseal system that may be nitric oxide dependent following hypophysectomy in the rodent hypothalamus. NOS histochemistry and correlative SEM were employed to establish the rates of regrowth and appearance of NOS-positive supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) neurites and their cell bodies following hypophysectomy. NOS activity increased significantly in SON and PVN neuronal perikarya and regenerating axons by 2 weeks. NOS-positive neurites were observed to regrow into the adjacent median eminence and insinuate into the lumen of the third cerebral ventricle. By 4 weeks posthypophysectomy, NOS staining of SON and PVN neurons and their regrown neurites had returned to normal control levels. Despite this fact, large complexes of apparent magnocellular neurites remained upon the floor of the third cerebral ventricle as observed with SEM. These observations support the hypothesis that NO may play a fundamental role in the process of regeneration, plasticity, and retargeting of SON and PVN axons following injury.
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PMID:Increased expression of nitric oxide synthase in hypothalamic neuronal regeneration. 768 63

In the developing and adult human paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nucleus, a large proportion of neurons contains the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In the present study we investigated the possible colocalization of TH with oxytocin (OXT) or vasopressin (VP) in the adult and neonatal PVN and SON. Adjacent paraffin sections were incubated simultaneously with two antibodies: a polyclonal against TH and a monoclonal against OXT or VP and stained with a double peroxidase-antiperoxidase/alkaline phosphatase method. We observed that TH-immunoreactive(IR) perikarya in the human PVN and SON were also positive for OXT or VP. A clear difference between the neonates and adult cases of our sample was observed in the proportion of TH-IR neurons that colocalize OXT or VP. In the neonates the majority of the TH-IR perikarya was also stained for VP, while only few TH-IR neurons were also positive for OXT. The opposite was observed in the adults, where the majority of the double-stained TH-IR neurons colocalizes OXT while only few TH-IR perikarya appear to contain VP. Our study establishes the colocalization of TH with OXT or VP in the adult and neonatal PVN and SON and indicates that antemortem factors such as perinatal hypoxia might increase TH-immunoreactivity of the VP neurons in man.
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PMID:Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase with oxytocin or vasopressin in neurons of the human paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. 769 71

The total number of immunocytochemically identified vasopressin (AVP) cells was determined morphometrically in the paraventricular (PVN) and dorsolateral part of the supraoptic nucleus (dl-SON) of the human hypothalamus in 30 subjects ranging in age from 15 to 97 years, including 10 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the increased activity of AVP neurons reported earlier is accompanied by an absence of cell loss in these nuclei in senescence and AD. The results show that numbers of immunoreactive AVP cells in the PVN and dl-SON do not decline during aging or in AD. During aging, the number of neurons expressing AVP even increased in the PVN of control subjects. The nuclear diameter of the AVP cells in the PVN and dl-SON showed an increase in old AD patients. It is concluded that no cell loss occurs in the AVP cell population in the PVN and dl-SON during aging and in AD, and that AVP expression increases in the PVN during normal aging, but not in AD.
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PMID:No vasopressin cell loss in the human hypothalamus in aging and Alzheimer's disease. 772 30

This brief review of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) release into the extracellular space of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei focuses on recent data illustrating the significance of their intranuclear release and the potential functional consequences. With the use of in vitro techniques, it has been demonstrated that administration of exogenous OT causes local peptide release and that, in vivo, this facilitates the milk ejection reflex. These findings lead to the idea that endogenous peptides are released into the hypothalamic nuclei. Microperfusion techniques have been used to monitor the dynamics of intranuclear OT and VP release in response to distinct stimuli. It is clear that intranuclear release of OT plays a role during reproductive states (parturition and lactation) and that intranuclear release of VP and OT is involved in osmoregulation. This review discusses 1) the origin of the intranuclearly released peptides, 2) stimuli which cause release into the hypothalamic nuclei, and 3) the function of intranuclear VP and OT, e.g., regulation of local morphology, feedback mechanisms and synchronization, and the possible role in regulating autonomic function and behavior.
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PMID:Functional role of intrahypothalamic release of oxytocin and vasopressin: consequences and controversies. 773 49

Stimulation of central angiotensin receptors promotes, among others, drinking behaviour, stimulation of natriuresis and increased release of vasopressin. Angiotensin (ANG II)-containing pathways in the lamina terminalis and the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, brain areas involved in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis, have been described. All these areas express predominantly AT1 receptors. The drinking response and the vasopressin release to centrally administered ANG II are mediated by AT1 receptors, while AT2 receptors exert inhibitory effects. Evidence for the involvement of the catecholaminergic and angiotensinergic pathways in the PVN and SON in mediating the ANG II-induced release of vasopressin is presented. ANG II is released in the PVN upon local osmotic stimulation and water deprivation. Finally, we present evidence that activation of central angiotensinergic receptors, water deprivation, or hypertonicity induce transcription of immediate-early genes and expression of the respective proteins in the lamina terminalis and in the PVN and SON. The summarized data implicate ANG II as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter in central control of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
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PMID:Angiotensin as neuromodulator/neurotransmitter in central control of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. 773 75

Lactation is associated with complex changes of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, and oxytocin released within the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei may serve as a signal of communication between the magnocellular nuclei in lactating rats. In the first study, the intranuclear and peripheral release patterns of oxytocin and vasopressin in response to intraperitoneal hypertonic saline were studied in virgin and lactating rats to determine if the reduced osmoresponsiveness of the oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic systems during lactation is reflected by reduced release not only into blood, but also within the SON. Simultaneous microdialysis was performed within the SON and the jugular vein before and up to 6 hr after peripheral osmotic stimulation (3.0 M NaCl, 0.6 ml/100 gm body weight, i.p.). There was an immediate increase in secretion of both oxytocin and vasopressin into blood, whereas peptide release within the SON was delayed and peaked after 4-5 hr. Peripheral release of both peptides was significantly reduced in lactating animals, whereas within the SON release of oxytocin, but not vasopressin, was significantly reduced during lactation. In the second study, cross talk between the SONs--another phenomenon which seems to be characteristic for lactation--was studied. Microdialysis of one SON with hypertonic perfusion medium (with 1 M NaCl) significantly increased the release of oxytocin, vasopressin, and various amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, serine, glutamine, gamma amino butyric acid, and arginine) within the ipsilateral SON. In contrast to virgin female and male animals, this unilateral stimulation of the SON resulted in a transiently increased release of oxytocin in the contralateral SON of lactating rats. The release of vasopressin and amino acids within the contralateral SON of lactating rats remained unchanged, indicating specific activation of contralateral oxytocinergic neurons.
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PMID:Osmotic responsiveness and cross talk involving oxytocin, but not vasopressin or amino acids, between the supraoptic nuclei in virgin and lactating rats. 775 20

There is evidence to indicate that cytokines of the interleukin series act within the brain to influence physiological responses to pathological states or stressful events. This investigation examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (lateral ventricle) injection of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on body temperature, hormone (catecholamine, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone) release and hypothalamic expression of c-fos, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasopressin (AVP) and IL-1 beta mRNAs in the sheep. A preliminary study showed that central administration of 10 micrograms IL-1 beta significantly (P < 0.05) increased body temperature (by 1.2 degrees C) over a 140 min period but did not affect catecholamine secretion. A second experiment using graded doses (100 ng, 1 microgram, 10 micrograms) of IL-1 beta indicated that only the highest dose significantly (P < 0.01) increased cortisol concentrations and that none of the treatments altered the secretion of prolactin or growth hormone. In a third study, changes in gene expression in the hypothalamus were examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry following treatment with 10 micrograms IL-1 beta. The results showed that IL-1 beta increased c-fos mRNA in the paraventricular (PVN, P < 0.05) and supraoptic (SON, P < 0.05) nuclei, CRH mRNA in the PVN (P < 0.01) and IL-1 beta mRNA in the PVN (P < 0.05). There was, however, no change in AVP mRNA in either the PVN or the SON.
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PMID:Increased body temperature, cortisol secretion, and hypothalamic expression of c-fos, corticotrophin releasing hormone and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs, following central administration of interleukin-1 beta in the sheep. 777 2


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