Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The paraventricular nucleus (PVH) of the hypothalamus is a key region for the integration of the autonomic and neuroendocrine mechanisms. This integration becomes less reliable with age. Some critical functions, such as eating and drinking, body-temperature regulation, autonomic and endocrine responses which regulate the cardiovascular system seem to be particularly affected by the aging-related processes. In this paper, we analysed by means of immunocytochemistry the neurochemical organization of the magnocellular and parvocellular component of the PVH in old male rats. The main results concerning the neurohormones and the carrier proteins are the following: a significant decrease in the number of the oxytocin- (OXY) like immunoreactive neurons of the medial and lateral parvocellular nuclei; a decrease in the vasopressin- (VAS) like immunoreactive neurons of the medial and lateral parvocellular nuclei and also of the medial magnocellular nucleus; a decrease in the neurophysin- (NRP) like immunoreactive neurons of the lateral parvocellular nucleus. We also found a decrease in the mean area of magnocellular OXY- and VAS-like immunoreactive neurons, a decrease in the extension of the dendritic tree sampled in the medial part of the nucleus; a decrease in the number of varicosities along the neurons coming from the PVH, and in the density of axons in the median eminence and in the vagal complex. The NRP-like immunoreactive structures in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord of old rats were also decreased in respect to younger adult animals. Among the neuropeptides investigated (corticotropin-releasing factor, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and neurotensin) we found a decrease in the leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive neurons of the dorsal and medial parvocellular nuclei. Our data support--from a morphological point of view--the existence of involution processes in the neurochemical organization of the PVH during aging.
 ...
PMID:Influence of aging on the neurochemical organization of the rat paraventricular nucleus. 236 52

Bleeding from esophageal varices is related to the size and pressure of varices, endoscopic danger signs, and severity of liver failure. Prevention of bleeding with propranolol has given conflicting results in controlled trials, but is a safe treatment. Prophylactic sclerotherapy has been shown to reduce bleeding in European studies, but this has not been confirmed by studies in the United States. Acute variceal bleeding can usually be controlled by sclerotherapy, which may be supplemented by pharmacotherapy with vasopressin, nitroglycerin, or somatostatin. Recurrent bleeding is prevented initially by sclerotherapy, with surgery reserved for patients who have not responded to this treatment. Once bleeding has been controlled, the suitability and timing of hepatic transplantation must be considered.
 ...
PMID:Esophageal varices. 236 82

The tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was injected into the lateral septum of the rat at different rostrocaudal locations to study the efferent septal projections to the anterior hypothalamus. For spatial correlation of these septofugal elements with the vasopressinergic system a dual immunocytochemical technique was used (i) to demonstrate nerve fibers and their corresponding bouton-like structures labeled with the tracer, and (ii) to identify vasopressin in the same section. The hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, the accessory hypothalamic magnocellular system, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus are recipients of PHA-L-labeled fibers from all parts of the lateral septum. Close appositions between (i) these axons and their varicosities, and (ii) vasopressin-immunoreactive perikarya and their processes, putatively indicating functional interrelationships, were observed in all these nuclear areas, especially in their neuropil formations.
 ...
PMID:Efferent projections from the lateral septal nucleus to the anterior hypothalamus in the rat: a study combining Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin tracing with vasopressin immunocytochemistry. 238 83

Immunoreactive galanin-like material was recently shown to co-exist with vasopressin in parvocellular and magnocellular perikarya of the paraventricular nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus of the rat (Melander et al. 1986). Since this distribution pattern differed from our observation of oxytocin-associated galanin-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the neurohypophysis, we compared in series of 0.5-microns thick sections the localisation of galanin-LI with the localisation of oxytocin and vasopressin/dynorphin in the hypothalamus, the median eminence and the neurohypophysis. In the oxytocin system, galanin-LI was intense in oxytocin varicosities of the neurohypophysis. Oxytocin perikarya of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei exhibited galanin-LI only after intraventricular injection of colchicine and when sections were treated with trypsin prior to application of the antibody. In the vasopressin/dynorphin system galanin-LI was intense in hypothalamic perikarya after colchicine injection and in neurohypophysial varicosities after treatment of the sections with trypsin. In these neurones, galanin-LI was absent or weak in all elements when treatments with colchicine or trypsin were omitted. Galanin-LI in the neurohypophysis was not co-localised with the numerous fine endings showing GABA-LI. These observations indicate that galanin-like material coexists with vasopressin and oxytocin in the respective magnocellular neurones, although not always in an immunoreactive form.
 ...
PMID:Immunoreactive galanin-like material in magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurones of the rat. 247 16

The supraoptic nucleus of male and female rats treated with met-enkephalin or naloxone and met-enkephalin was examined with light microscopical immunocytochemistry for Arginine-vasopressin. Both genders exhibited the same distribution of immunostained magnocellular neurons. Met-enkephalin treatment caused an increase in number of immunostained vasopressin neurons. This effect was more pronounced in females than in males. Naloxone treatment diminished immunoreactive cytoplasmic vasopressin in males more effectively than in females. In enkephalin-treated animals numerous vasopressin immunoreactive varicosities appeared within the supraoptic nucleus, but were mostly absent in naloxone-treated animals and in controls. Our results indicate that met-enkephalin treatment either stimulates vasopressin synthesis or inhibits secretion. It is likely that steroid hormones mediate the action of enkephalin on vasopressin secretion in a specific manner.
 ...
PMID:Sex-specific effects of met-enkephalin treatment on vasopressin immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus. 247 72

Anatomical and electrophysiological methods were used to investigate the existence and role of inputs from the magnocellular tuberomammillary nucleus to the supraoptic nucleus. After injecting either Fluoro-Gold or rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres into the supraoptic nucleus, consistent patterns of retrogradely labeled neurons within the tuberomammillary nucleus were observed. The results indicate that both subdivisions of the supraoptic nucleus, the tuberal and the anterior, receive input from the tuberomammillary nucleus. Injections into the tuberal supraoptic nucleus tended to label more cells in the contralateral tuberomammillary nucleus, while injections into the anterior supraoptic nucleus may label more cells on the ipsilateral side. The in vitro intracellular electrophysiological results support the anatomical findings and extend them in several ways. Some tuberomammillary neurons were found to project to the supraoptic nuclei on both sides of the brain. Intracellular Lucifer Yellow injections into tuberomammillary cells after electrophysiological recording revealed labeled axons that were traceable into the supraoptic nucleus, where apparent varicosities (possible en passant terminals) were seen. Magnocellular tuberomammillary nucleus neurons had characteristic passive and active membrane properties and morphology, similar to histaminergic neurons in this area studied by other workers. Finally, in two of the 21 cases, Lucifer Yellow injection into one neuron revealed dye-coupled pairs of tuberomammillary neurons. Previous work by others has shown that histamine excited cells in the tuberal subdivision of the supraoptic nucleus, stimulating vasopressin release, and that the tuberomammillary nucleus provides histaminergic input to the anterior portion of the supraoptic. The present findings show that the tuberomammillary nucleus supplies input to both subdivisions of the supraoptic nucleus and that this input is provided bilaterally. Taken together with previous work, these data suggest that the tuberomammillary nucleus provides histaminergic input to the supraoptic nucleus and may be involved specifically with vasopressin release.
 ...
PMID:Magnocellular tuberomammillary nucleus input to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat: anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological investigations. 250 55

Hypothalamic neurons were grown as single cells in three-dimensional culture. Solitary neurons lacking cell contacts were immunocytochemically examined for inherent expression of vasopressin (VP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Immunoreactive VP and TH were detected within a day. Sixty to eighty-five percent of neurons displayed homogeneously distributed reaction product for VP or TH. One percent exhibited intense punctate staining of somas and varicosities. Few neurons stained for LHRH. Results indicate that hypothalamic neurons can express appropriate neuropeptides and transmitter-specific products without contacting other neurons or nonneuronal cells. Thus, this culture system may provide a useful model to study intrinsic neuronal processes.
 ...
PMID:Solitary hypothalamic neurons inherently express vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase. 257 27

The cytoarchitecture and immunocytochemical distribution of neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF; neuropeptide Y, NPY; oxytocin, OXY; vasopressin, VP; and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP) were studied in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in male and female ground squirrels of two species (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and S. richardsonii). Immunoreactive (IR) perikarya were found in sections incubated with VP or VIP antisera. VP-IR cell bodies were seen in the dorsal and medial parts of the nucleus in colchicine-treated animals. IR fibers were distributed throughout the SCN. In the ventral part of the nucleus, VIP-IR cells were seen in untreated animals and were more pronounced in colchicine-treated animals. VIP-IR fibers and terminals form a dense plexus throughout the nucleus. Furthermore, NPY-IR terminals and fibers with multiple varicosities, but no IR perikarya, were present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Within the borders of the SCN, no cell bodies or fibers were stained with CRF or OXY antisera in any animal.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of neuropeptides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of ground squirrels. 258 47

The pathophysiology and treatment of esophageal varices are reviewed. The cause of esophageal varices is generally thought to be portal hypertension. The most common cause of portal hypertension in the United States is alcoholic liver disease. Other etiologies of portal hypertension include portal vein thrombosis, schistosomiasis, and inferior vena caval obstruction by tumor or thrombus. Although short-term balloon tamponade and vasopressin infusion will control acute variceal hemorrhage, they do not affect the underlying problem and are not indicated for long-term treatment of esophageal varices. Surgical procedures either ablate varices or lower portal vein pressure. Portal-systemic shunts have emerged as the preferred surgical technique, but the superiority of total versus selective shunts is unclear. Pharmacological management can include administration of vasopressin, somatostatin, verapamil, or isosorbide dinitrate for short-term treatment or verapamil, isosorbide dinitrate, or propranolol for prolonged treatment. Use of sclerotherapy for treatment and prevention of hemorrhage from esophageal varices has grown recently. Because there are several sclerosing agents and combinations of agents available for use, assessing their relative safety and efficacy is difficult. Innovative approaches to management of varices include a shunt procedure involving the left lung, use of a tissue adhesive, and laser treatment. Because of its effectiveness and ease of administration, sclerotherapy appears to be a rational method of treatment for acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of esophageal varices. 264 81

Portal hypertension is a frequent syndrome characterized by a chronic increase in portal venous pressure and by the formation of portal-systemic collaterals. Its main consequence is massive bleeding from ruptured esophageal and gastric varices. Bleeding is promoted by increased portal and variceal pressure, and is favored by dilatation of the varices. The evaluation of the portal hypertensive patient should include the assessment of portal vein patency by ultrasonography, endoscopic evaluation of the presence, size, and extent of esophageal varices, and hemodynamic studies with measurements of portal pressure and of portal-collateral blood flow. The preferred techniques are hepatic vein catheterization and measurement of azygos blood flow. Endoscopic measurements of variceal pressure and estimations of portal blood velocity by the Doppler technique have recently been introduced, but are still research procedures. Acute variceal hemorrhage should be treated under intensive care. Specific therapy to arrest variceal bleeding includes balloon tamponade, vasopressin, somatostatin, sclerotherapy, and emergency surgery. Treatment of portal hypertension is aimed at preventing variceal hemorrhage and bleeding-related deaths. Pharmacologic prophylaxis is based on the use of drugs that cause a sustained reduction in portal pressure; most studies have used propranolol. Surgery and endoscopic sclerotherapy can also be used to prevent rebleeding.
 ...
PMID:Portal hypertension. 265 68


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>