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Query: UNIPROT:P01185 (vasopressin)
 23,126 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The usefulness of arteriography and transcatheter treatment was studied in nine patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Selective arteriography was performed in all patients; transcatheter treatment was performed by means of embolotherapy or selective vasopressin infusion. Medical records were reviewed to determine the cause of hemorrhage and clinical outcome. Arteriography enabled identification of the site of hemorrhage in seven patients. Hemorrhage was caused by Kaposi sarcoma (n = 2), cytomegalovirus colitis (n = 1), lymphoma (n = 2), or unknown causes (n = 4). Neovascularity and dense parenchymal stain were present in patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Transcatheter treatment consisted of embolization (n = 3), vasopressin infusion (n = 2), or both (n = 1). Hemorrhage was controlled in six cases in which transcatheter treatment was administered. Complications included thrombosis of the femoral artery in a 7-month-old infant and formation of a pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery, which was treated successfully with ultrasound-guided compression. In patients with AIDS and profuse gastrointestinal hemorrhage, arteriography often enables identification of a specific site of hemorrhage, which can be stopped with transcatheter treatment.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in AIDS: arteriographic diagnosis and transcatheter treatment. 141 Mar 52

The causes and management of endocrine disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are reviewed. Endocrine disorders observed in HIV-positive patients include adrenal abnormalities, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, pituitary insufficiency, pancreatic abnormalities, thyroid and parathyroid disorders, and testicular abnormalities. Opportunistic pathogens implicated in these disorders include cytomegalovirus, Cryptococcus, Toxoplasma, mycobacteria, Candida, and Aspergillus. Neoplasma such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma can also cause endocrine abnormalities. Several drugs used in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are associated with the development of endocrine disorders. These drugs include ketoconazole, itraconazole, rifampin, vidarabine, pentamidine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, didanosine, and ganciclovir. Severe patient debilitation can contribute to the development of endocrine abnormalities. Monitoring of adrenal gland function may be prudent in HIV-infected patients who have nonspecific symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, replacement therapy with oral hydrocortisone is required. Administration of fludrocortisone can rapidly alleviate the signs and symptoms of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Fluid restriction is the first step in managing the pituitary abnormality known as the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Drug-induced endocrine abnormalities often resolve after withdrawal of the offending agent. Endocrine complications in HIV-infected patients may be caused by infection, malignancy, or drugs. Adjusting or instituting drug therapy may be necessary to control symptomatic endocrine abnormalities.
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PMID:Endocrine complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 151 43

Many neuroanatomical sex differences have been identified in both animals and humans, which may form the neural bases for sex-specific behavior and reproductive as well as non-reproductive functions. The present essay gives a brief review of the findings on sex differences in the human brain. Our observations on the human hypothalamus revealed that the shape of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)--a structure involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms and reproductive cycles--is elongated in females and more spherical in males. In addition, an extremely large SCN was observed in the brains of homosexual men who died from AIDS. Both the volume of the SCN and the number of vasopressin neurons were about twice as large as in a male reference group. In contrast to the SCN, in which only shape differences were found in relation to gender, the volume and cell number of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) showed a marked sexual dimorphism. The mean volume of the SDN-POA was 2.2 times larger in males than in females and contained about twice as many cells. The function of this sexually dimorphic area in humans is not known, but presumably it is involved in the control of male sexual behavior. The fact that no differences in either volume or cell number were observed between the SDN-POAs of homo- and heterosexual men indicates a selectivity of the SCN in this respect and contradicts the view that male homosexuals have a 'female' hypothalamus.
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PMID:Sexual dimorphism of the human brain: myth and reality. 177 30

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality in AIDS patients. In this study, hyponatremia was defined as natremia less than 130 mmol/l at two different samplings. Medical records of 160 hospitalized AIDS patients were exhaustively reviewed in search for hyponatremia and, if present, of its etiology. 45 cases of hyponatremia were identified in 43 AIDS patients. Two causes were predominant: hypovolemic hyponatremia, due to water and salt losses (11 cases) and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (10 cases). These results are consistent with those of the literature and were used to develop a simple diagnosis schedule based on the analysis of limited clinical and biological data: hydration status, serum and urinary osmolality, natriuria and creatininemia.
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PMID:[Hyponatremia in AIDS. Etiology and diagnosis]. 182 21

The frequency and pathophysiology of hyponatremia were studied in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Of 71 hospitalized patients surveyed retrospectively, hyponatremia was observed in 37 (52%). Of 48 patients studied prospectively, 27 (56%) were hyponatremic. In 16 hyponatremic patients, volume status; serum and urine osmolalities; renal, adrenal, and thyroid function; and plasma vasopressin levels were assessed. Urine osmolalities were inappropriately elevated (mean, 377 mmol/kg of water) relative to serum osmolalities (mean, 268 mmol/kg of water). Four patients had moderate renal insufficiency. Plasma vasopressin levels were elevated in 15 patients, with the highest levels seen in patients who died (median, 7.08 pmol/L). Hyponatremia of multiple etiologies occurred in a majority of inpatients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, often following the administration of hypotonic fluids, and was associated with a 30% (8/27) short-term mortality.
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PMID:Frequency of hyponatremia and nonosmolar vasopressin release in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 229 65

Computerized Chou-Fasman analysis of the secondary structure of human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I, HTLV-II) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope proteins revealed that only one antigenic epitope (amino acids EAL) is shared by the three viruses. A similar antigenic epitope is also found in human and rat brain hormone vasopressin-neurophysin. If autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS) are made to the epitope EAL, they may cross-react with the envelope proteins of HTVL. It is speculated that in AIDS patients, antibodies to the antigenic epitope EAL of HIV may cross-react with brain vasopressin-neurophysin, leading to a decline in this brain peptide hormone. Thus it is hypothesized that treatment of both MS and AIDS patients with a synthetic polymer containing the amino acids EAL might eliminate the antibodies to vasopressin-neurophysin and thus alleviate some of the clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Multiple sclerosis autoantibodies and antibodies in AIDS may deplete a brain peptide hormone. 341 7

Hyponatremia has been recognized as a complication in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We did a retrospective study evaluating the medical records of 86 children (age 4 months to 21 years) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection to determine the frequency and clinical associations of hyponatremia. Twenty-two children (26%) developed hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L; range 104 to 134 mEq/L; mean 130 mEq/L). Fourteen were male; 18 of the 22 patients were black and 4 were white. At the time of hyponatremia, the children frequently had comorbid associations, including 8 (35%) with AIDS encephalopathy; 3 (14%) with cardiomyopathy; 3 (14%) using diuretics; 1 (5%) using pentamidine; 3 (14%) with bacterial pneumonia; 2 (9%) requiring gastric lavage feedings; 2 (9%) with tuberculosis meningitis; 2 (9%) with gastroenteritis; 1 (5%) with infection caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; 1 (5%) each with brain tumor and tumor metastasis to brain. The cause of hyponatremia was attributed to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in 8 children; poor sodium intake and/or excessive diarrheal losses in 5; and the use of diuretics in 3 patients. Mild hyponatremia with no identifiable cause was found in 5 patients.
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PMID:Hyponatremia in pediatric patients with HIV-1 infection. 748 60

Hyponatraemia is very common in AIDS patients. It is observed in about 40-50% of hospitalized patients. It may contribute to overall mortality in advanced disease. Vasopressin measurements in these patients basically present two distinct syndromes: hyponatraemia and 'normal' vasopressin levels (i.e. measurable vasopressin) and hyponatraemia with suppressed vasopressin. Hyponatraemia with suppressed vasopressin is very rare and has only been observed in AIDS patients with dementia and primary polydipsia. Hyponatraemia and measurable vasopressin can be also divided into two syndromes. In some patients vasopressin is 'appropriately' elevated, i.e. in those with body fluid losses (diarrhoea) or chronic hypovolaemia (adrenal failure); these patients also present with hyperuricaemia and other signs of low blood volume. In other patients vasopressin is 'inappropriately' elevated in those with no clinical evidence of hypovolaemia (typically characterized by low serum uric acid levels) such as in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and other opportunistic infections leading to SIADH. CSWS is a relatively frequent complication in some patients with cerebral infection or tumour. High-dose trimethoprim (for Pneumocystis carinii prevention) acts as an amiloride-like drug and induces a clinical state characterized by hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia which is indistinguishable from hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism. The mechanism of the hyponatraemia caused by other drugs (miconazole, pentamidine, amphotericin, vidarabine) is not as yet known.
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PMID:Hyponatraemia in AIDS. 781 Dec 25

The number of immunocytochemically identified vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) neurons was determined morphometrically in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of 20 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and 10 controls. The AIDS group consisted of 14 homosexual males (age range 25-62 years), four of whom had a probable HIV-1 associated dementia complex, and six non-demented heterosexuals (four males and two females, age range 21-73 years). Ten males without a primary neurological or psychiatric disease served as a control group. The number of OXT-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of both groups of AIDS patients was approximately 40% lower than that of the controls. In contrast, the three groups showed no significant differences in the number of AVP-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. Since there were no significant differences in the number of AVP and OXT cells between the homosexual and heterosexual subjects with AIDS, the morphological difference in the paraventricular nucleus seems to be related to AIDS and not to sexual orientation. No inflammatory changes were found in the paraventricular nucleus area. The selective changes in the OXT neurons of the paraventricular nucleus may be the basis for part of the neuroendocrine, autonomic dysfunction or vegetative symptoms in AIDS.
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PMID:Decreased number of oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus in AIDS. 835 9

Meningitis and other infectious diseases of the central nervous system are predisposing causes of the inadequate secretion syndrome of the antidiuretic hormone (ISADH). The association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and ISADH is recognized but little studied. In AIDS patients hyponatremia is a frequent finding and it is responsible for ISADH in most cases. However, there is little reference material concerning the incidence of presentation and the type of osmoregulation anomaly this entity presents in these patients. A case in which ISADH is associated to cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS is described with an evaluation of the hormonal response to the test of hypertonic saline serum infusion corresponding to a release of ADH.
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PMID:[The inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. 846 60


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