Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an attempt to identify a physiological prolactin-releasing factor in the sheep, ovariectomized ewes were given intracarotid injections (10(-8)-10(-7) mol/animal) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine-isoleucine amide (PHI), oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP), substance P (SP), bombesin (BB), neurotensin (NT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Administration of TRH, AVP, NT and OT resulted in immediate and significant increases in plasma prolactin concentrations, the greatest stimulatory effect being obtained after TRH; other peptides had no effect in ovariectomized hypothalamo-pituitary intact ewes. AVP, NT and OT failed to release prolactin in ovariectomized ewes. These results suggest that (1) AVP, NT and OT may act via the hypothalamus to regulate prolactin secretion in hypothalamo-pituitary intact ewes; (2) VIP, PHI, SP, BB and NPY appear to have no direct roles at the pituitary level to control prolactin secretion in sheep, and (3) TRH stimulates prolactin secretion in ovariectomized ewes by a direct pituitary action.
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PMID:Effect and site of action of hypothalamic neuropeptides on prolactin release in sheep. 246 Jul 94

Endopeptidase-2, the second endopeptidase in rat kidney brush border [Kenny & Ingram (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 515-524] has been further characterized in regard to its specificity and its contribution to the hydrolysis of peptides by microvillar membrane preparations. The peptide products were identified, after incubating luliberin, substance P, bradykinin and angiotensins I, II and III with the purified enzyme. The bonds hydrolysed were those involving a hydrophobic amino acid residue, but this residue could be located at either the P1 or P1' site. Luliberin was hydrolysed faster than other peptides tested, followed by substance P and bradykinin. Human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide and the angiotensins were only slowly attacked. Oxytocin and [Arg8]vasopressin were not hydrolysed. No peptide fragments were detected on prolonged incubation with insulin, cytochrome c, ovalbumin and serum albumin. In comparison with pig endopeptidase-24.11 the rates for the susceptible peptides were, with the exception of luliberin, much lower for endopeptidase-2. Indeed, for bradykinin and substance P the ratio kcat./Km was two orders of magnitude lower. Since both endopeptidases are present in rat kidney microvilli, an assessment was made of the relative contributions to the hydrolysis of luliberin, bradykinin and substance P. Only for the first named was endopeptidase-2 the dominant enzyme; for bradykinin it made an equal, and for substance P a minor, contribution.
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PMID:The metabolism of neuropeptides. Hydrolysis of peptides by the phosphoramidon-insensitive rat kidney enzyme 'endopeptidase-2' and by rat microvillar membranes. 246 6

Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with two-color immunoperoxidase staining, boutons stained with antisera to substance P (SP), serotonin (5HT) and oxytocin (OX) have been observed in contiguity with neurons in the rostral and caudal medulla that showed immunoreactivity for phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), respectively, and which were backfilled with HRP injected into the diencephalon. The juxtaposition of these immunostained structures indicates that SP, 5HT and OX released from fibers in the medulla may affect the activity of adrenergic and noradrenergic medullary neurons that project to the diencephalon. Moreover, the presence of 5HT- and OX-immunoreactive processes in contiguity with medullary CA cells that send fibers to the diencephalon indicates that the raphe nuclei and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus can directly influence ascending pathways that are known to innervate the hypothalamus and appear to effect changes in vasopressin release.
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PMID:Evidence for substance P, serotonin and oxytocin input to medullary catecholamine neurons with diencephalic projections. 246 99

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the extent to which several peptides and serotonin coexist with substance P or somatostatin in selected lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat. The technique for the simultaneous visualization of two antigens by immunofluorescence was used to investigate the coexistence of neuropeptides in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of colchicine-treated cats. Perikarya immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, and substance P were visualized in both the lumbar 5 and 6 dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed for adipokinetic hormone, bombesin, dynorphin A, met-enkephalin, oxytocin, tyrosine hydroxylase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or serotonin in either ganglion examined. Substance P coexisted with calcitonin-gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Somatostatin was colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, and substance P but coexisted with galanin minimally. The cell area of immunoreactive perikarya was also examined. Data concerning the cross-sectional area of immunoreactive cells indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya were generally the largest population observed (up to approximately 6,000 microns2). Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, as well as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, coexisted in populations of cell bodies that had a smaller size (less than 2,000 microns2). These results suggest that certain peptides which coexist in the dorsal root ganglia may provide histochemical markers for functional groups of primary afferent neurons.
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PMID:Lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat: a quantitative study of peptide immunoreactivity and cell size. 247 1

The common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is a 749-amino acid type II integral membrane protein expressed by most acute lymphoblastic leukemias, certain other lymphoid malignancies with an immature phenotype, and normal lymphoid progenitors. A computer search against the most recent GenBank release (no. 56) indicates that human CALLA cDNA encodes a protein nearly identical to the rat and rabbit neutral endopeptidase 24.11 ("enkephalinase;" EC 3.4.24.11). This zinc metalloendopeptidase, which has been shown to inactivate a variety of peptide hormones including enkephalin, chemotactic peptide, substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, bradykinin, and angiotensins I and II, had not been identified in lymphoid cells. To determine whether CALLA cDNA derived from human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (Nalm-6 cell line) encodes functional neutral endopeptidase activity, we generated CALLA+ stable transfectants in the CALLA- murine myeloma cell line J558 and analyzed them for enzymatic activity in a fluorometric assay based upon cleavage of the substrate glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Phe 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide at the Ala-Phe bond. Total lysates as well as whole-cell suspensions of the Nalm-6 line and of the CALLA+ transfectants, but not of the CALLA- J558 cells, possessed neutral endopeptidase activity. This enzymatic activity was associated with the cellular membrane fraction and was abrogated by the specific neutral endopeptidase inhibitor phosphoramidon. The unequivocal identification of CALLA as a functional neutral endopeptidase provides insight into its potential role in both normal and malignant lymphoid function.
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PMID:Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is active neutral endopeptidase 24.11 ("enkephalinase"): direct evidence by cDNA transfection analysis. 252 88

The CNS cell groups that innervate the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons of rats were identified by a transneuronal viral cell body labeling technique combined with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the adrenal gland. This resulted in retrograde viral infections of the ipsilateral sympathetic preganglionic neurons (T4-T13) and caused retrograde transneuronal cell body infections in 5 areas of the brain: the caudal raphe nuclei, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, A5 cell group, and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). In the spinal cord, the segmental distribution of virally infected neurons was the same as the retrograde cell body labeling observed following Fluoro-gold injections in the adrenal gland except there was almost a 300% increase in the number of cells labeled and a shift in cell group distribution. These results imply there are local interneurons that regulate the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons. In the medulla oblongata, serotonin (5-HT)-, substance P (SP)-, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, Met-enkephalin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus nuclei and the ventromedial medulla were infected. In the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral medulla, immunoreactive phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, SP, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and enkephalin neurons were infected. The A5 noradrenergic cells were labeled, as were some somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in this area. In the were infected. The A5 noradrenergic cells were labeled, as were some somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in this area. In the hypothalamus, tyrosine hydroxylase- and SP-immunoreactive neurons of the dorsal parvocellular PVH were infected. Only a few immunoreactive vasopressin, oxytocin, Met-enkephalin, neurotensin, and somatostatin PVH neurons were labeled.
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PMID:CNS cell groups regulating the sympathetic outflow to adrenal gland as revealed by transneuronal cell body labeling with pseudorabies virus. 254 65

In a previous study we investigated the effects of age on the micturition characteristics and bladder function of male Fischer rats ages five to seven, 16 to 18 and 22 to 24 months. The 24 hr. water intake and urine output increases significantly with age; 22 to 24 month rats showed a 39% increase in water intake and a 93% increase in urine output compared to five to seven month rats. The intravesical pressure at micturition is 100% greater in 22 to 24 month and 16 to 18 month rats compared to five to seven month old rats with no age-related change in bladder volume at micturition. In the present study, in vitro bladder capacity did not differ between the three age groups although the average plateau pressure significantly decreased with advancing age. Using the isolated whole bladder model, the contractile response to the autonomic agonists bethanechol, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol did not change significantly with age. Similarly, there were no age-related changes in the response of the bladder to non-autonomic drugs (histamine, oxytocin, serotonin, substance P, and PGF2 alpha) except for PGF2 alpha which produced an age-related increase in the maximum bladder contraction. In summary, while in vivo micturition clearly changes with age, the in vitro contractility of the bladders to autonomic agents did not. Therefore, age related differences in micturition would be related primarily to the changes in neuronal innervation and central control of micturition rather than alterations in the contractility of the bladder. In addition, these studies show the importance of correlating in vivo bladder function (micturition frequency and volume, cystometry and urodynamics) with in vitro contractile and functional studies.
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PMID:Effects of age on urinary bladder function in the male rat. 256 16

The substances stimulating the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from cultured human placental cells were investigated. Monolayer primary cultures of trophoblast cells from pregnant women at term were used. The immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor released in the culture medium eluted from high-performance liquid chromatography with the same retention time as human corticotropin-releasing factor. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine increased immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor release into the culture medium in a dose-related manner. Epinephrine was partially active, whereas dopamine and serotonin did not induce significant changes of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor release from placental cultures. Angiotensin II, interleukin-1, oxytocin, and arginine-vasopressin also increased placental immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor release in a dose-related manner, whereas other peptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, somatostatin, atrial natriuretic factor, interleukin-2) were ineffective. These results showed that several neurotransmitters and peptides stimulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from placental cells, suggesting their possible involvement in the physiologic regulation of placental immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor release during pregnancy and parturition.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and peptides modulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from cultured human placental cells. 256 97

Several neuropeptides were immunohistologically studied in normal human spinal cords. Substance P, methionine-enkephalin, leucine-enkephalin, and cholecystokinin positive fibers were found in all cytoarchitectonic layers, with a specific distribution pattern for each peptide. Somatostatin, oxytocin, and vasopressin immunoreactivities were restricted to particular spinal layers. Perikarya and proximal dendrites were visualized and classified by comparison with previous Golgi analyses. Substance P was contained in "radiate cells" of layer III, methionine-enkephalin in marginal neurons as well as in layer II "stellate cells," and somatostatin in layer II "islet cells." Several results differed from those reported in other species. Chemical neuroanatomy may provide new insights into the neuronal organization of the human spinal cord.
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PMID:Substance P, enkephalins, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, oxytocin, and vasopressin in human spinal cord. 258 9


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